Warpage of FDM parts: Experimental tests and analytic model

Armillotta, Antonio; Bellotti, Mattia; Cavallaro, Marco

doi:10.1016/j.rcim.2017.09.007

Cited by 124 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 57 publications

(57 reference statements)

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“…At a first glance, it was expected that lower layer numbers lead to more warpage due to a lower bending stiffness of the component. Armillotta et al ., however, revealed in their experimental results that very thin parts distort less than slightly thicker parts due to the thermal conductivity of the deposited material and the permanent deformation of the material under bending stresses. Moreover, another contradicting trend was discovered for the effect of stacking length on the warpage.…”

Section: The Big Issue Of Warpage For 3d‐printed Ppmentioning

confidence: 94%

Material extrusion‐based additive manufacturing of polypropylene: A review on how to improve dimensional inaccuracy and warpage

Spoerk

Holzer

González-Gutiérrez

2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

178

172

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Material extrusion-based additive manufacturing (ME-AM) is an emerging processing technique that is characterized by the selective deposition of thermoplastic filaments in a layer-by-layer manner based on digital part models. Recently, it has attracted considerable attention, as this technique offers manifold benefits over conventional manufacturing technologies. However, to meet the challenges of complex industrial applications, certain shortcomings of ME-AM still need to be overcome. A case in point is the limited amount of semicrystalline thermoplastics, which are still not established as reliable, commercial filament materials. Particularly, polypropylene (PP) offers attractive properties that are unique among the ME-AM material portfolio. This review describes the current approaches of fabricating PP components by ME-AM. Both commercial and scientific strategies to make PP 3D-printable are elaborated and compared. As dimensional issues are especially problematic for PP, a comprehensive section of this review focuses on the strategies developed for mitigating warpage for PP parts fabricated by ME-AM.

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Section: The Big Issue Of Warpage For 3d‐printed Ppmentioning

confidence: 94%

Material extrusion‐based additive manufacturing of polypropylene: A review on how to improve dimensional inaccuracy and warpage

Spoerk

Holzer

González-Gutiérrez

2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

178

172

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Another source of error while using FDM process is warpage. As measured and analyzed in [ABC18], the maximum horizontal dimension of a model can increase this warpage. Therefore, we may conclude segmenting larger models to smaller pieces could also decrease the imprecisions due to warpage.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Landscaper: A Modeling System for 3D Printing Scale Models of Landscapes

Allahverdi

Djavaherpour

Mahdavi-Amiri

et al. 2018

Computer Graphics Forum

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Landscape models of geospatial regions provide an intuitive mechanism for exploring complex geospatial information. However, the methods currently used to create these scale models require a large amount of resources, which restricts the availability of these models to a limited number of popular public places, such as museums and airports. In this paper, we have proposed a system for creating these physical models using an affordable 3D printer in order to make the creation of these models more widely accessible. Our system retrieves GIS relevant to creating a physical model of a geospatial region and then addresses the two major limitations of affordable 3D printers, namely the limited number of materials and available printing volume. This is accomplished by separating features into distinct extruded layers and splitting large models into smaller pieces, allowing us to employ different methods for the visualization of different geospatial features, like vegetation and residential areas, in a 3D printing context. We confirm the functionality of our system by printing two large physical models of relatively complex landscape regions.

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“…Normally an issue with ABS due to the stresses caused by shrinkage as the molten polymer cools (Armillotta et al, 2018), however, the print will often continue and self-correct. Rafts were unnecessary in prototyping Warping can be catastrophic due to the scale of partsin this study warping would completely dislodge a part from the build plate and cause collisions with the nozzle.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A design for additive manufacturing case study: fingerprint stool on a BigRep ONE

Novak

O’Neill

2019

RPJ

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Purpose This paper aims to present new qualitative and quantitative data about the recently released “BigRep ONE” 3 D printer led by the design of a one-off customized stool. Design/methodology/approach A design for additive manufacturing (DfAM) framework was adopted, with simulation data iteratively informing the final design. Findings Process parameters can vary manufacturing costs of a stool by over AU$1,000 and vary print time by over 100 h. Following simulation, designers can use the knowledge to inform iteration, with a second variation of the design being approximately 50 per cent cheaper and approximately 50 per cent faster to manufacture. Metrology data reveal a tolerance = 0.342 per cent in overall dimensions, and surface roughness data are presented for a 0.5 mm layer height. Research limitations/implications Led by design, this study did not seek to explore the full gamut of settings available in slicing software, focusing predominantly on nozzle diameter, layer height and number of walls alongside the recommended settings from BigRep. The study reveals numerous areas for future research, including more technical studies. Practical implications When knowledge and techniques from desktop 3 D printing are scaled up to dimensions measuring in meters, new opportunities and challenges are presented for design engineers. Print times and material costs in particular are scaled up significantly, and this study provides numerous considerations for research centers, 3 D printing bureaus and manufacturers considering large-scale fused filament fabrication manufacturing. Originality/value This is the first peer-reviewed study involving the BigRep ONE, and new knowledge is presented about the practical application of the printer through a design-led project. Important relationships between material volume/cost and print time are valuable for early adopters.

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Warpage of FDM parts: Experimental tests and analytic model

Cited by 124 publications

References 57 publications

Material extrusion‐based additive manufacturing of polypropylene: A review on how to improve dimensional inaccuracy and warpage

Material extrusion‐based additive manufacturing of polypropylene: A review on how to improve dimensional inaccuracy and warpage

Landscaper: A Modeling System for 3D Printing Scale Models of Landscapes

A design for additive manufacturing case study: fingerprint stool on a BigRep ONE

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