Material extrusion‐based additive manufacturing of polypropylene: A review on how to improve dimensional inaccuracy and warpage

Spoerk, Martin; Holzer, Clemens; González-Gutiérrez, Joamín

doi:10.1002/app.48545

Cited by 180 publications

(182 citation statements)

References 130 publications

(174 reference statements)

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“…A double melting peak due to crystal imperfection is observed when the PTW content is over 15 phr. Therefore, PTW improves the printing performance of blends by inhibiting the crystallization of PLA and decreasing shrinkage stress, which is consistent with other works 10,18,32 . To further verify the printability, some models are successfully printed based on PC‐PLA40/PTW‐10 blend as shown in Figure 5.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 83%

Preparation of polycarbonate/poly(lactic acid) with improved printability and processability for fused deposition modeling

Geng

Liu

et al. 2020

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is the most widely used 3D‐printing technology due to its simplicity to operate and low cost. However, many engineering plastics such as polycarbonate (PC) with better properties cannot be applied in common FDM printer because of their poor processability and printability. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) as the most common printing material has the disadvantages of insufficient heat resistance and poor toughness, which limits the application of PLA‐based FDM product in more potential fields. To develop new material available for FDM, PC/PLA blend was prepared by polymer blending and achieved essential printability for FDM. Ethylene‐butyl acrylate‐glycidyl methacrylate terpolymer (PTW) was introduced to PC/PLA blend as warpage modifier and also had a good toughening effect. Thus, PC/PLA/PTW blend had been prepared as FDM filament with excellent comprehensive properties. The phase morphology of PLA changed from independent dispersed phase to semi‐continuous phase with increasing PLA content. Different from the injection molding samples, the morphology of FDM‐printed samples indicated that the PLA phase oriented in the same direction due to the tensile orientation of the filaments caused by nozzle scanning. Five printing modes were designed to study the effect of printing direction on mechanical properties and failure modes. It was proved that the adhesion between the filaments was weaker than the strength of filament itself and easily caused adjacent filament exfoliation, ultimately resulting in the failure. The work provided some referential conclusions contributing to optimization of printing strategy.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 83%

Preparation of polycarbonate/poly(lactic acid) with improved printability and processability for fused deposition modeling

Geng

Liu

et al. 2020

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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“…Another shortcoming of POM, its low adhesion to the building plate, can be overcome by applying a specific adhesive coating (glue). The shrinkage of PP, although considerable for bigger objects 55 , was negligible, but its adhesion to the building platform was too low even with the adhesive coating. Due to this complication, FDM with PP was carried out on a 3 mm thick PP sheet firmly attached to the 3D printer build plate.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Revealing interactions of layered polymeric materials at solid-liquid interface for building solvent compatibility charts for 3D printing applications

Erokhin

Gordeev

Ananikov

2019

Sci Rep

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Poor stability of 3D printed plastic objects in a number of solvents limits several important applications in engineering, chemistry and biology. Due to layered type of assembling, 3D-printed surfaces possess rather different properties as compared to bulk surfaces made by other methods. Here we study fundamental interactions at the solid-liquid interface and evaluate polymeric materials towards advanced additive manufacturing. A simple and universal stability test was developed for 3D printed parts and applied to a variety of thermoplastics. Specific modes of resistance/destruction were described for different plastics and their compatibility to a representative scope of solvents (aqueous and organic) was evaluated. Classification and characterization of destruction modes for a wide range of conditions (including geometry and 3D printing parameters) were carried out. Key factors of tolerance to solvent media were investigated by electron microscopy. We show that the overall stability and the mode of destruction depend on chemical properties of the polymer and the nature of interactions at the solid-liquid interface. Importantly, stability also depends on the layered microstructure of the sample, which is defined by 3D printing parameters. Developed solvent compatibility charts for a wide range of polymeric materials (ABS, PLA, PLA-Cu, PETG, SBS, Ceramo, HIPS, Primalloy, Photoresin, Nylon, Nylon-C, POM, PE, PP) and solvents represent an important benchmark for practical applications.

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“…This growing demand reflects the importance of PP for applications where low density, hardness, high flexural modulus, and chemical resistance are needed [ 7 , 8 ]. Moreover, PP is a low-cost plastic capable of being processed with various methods, e.g., extrusion, thermoforming, and injection molding [ 9 , 10 ]. Therefore, a huge number of PP products, including fibers, films, sheets, textiles, pipes, and profiles, have been developed and used in the automotive, electrical and electronic, packaging, and construction industries [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame Retardant Polypropylenes: A Review

et al. 2020

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Polypropylene (PP) is a commodity plastic known for high rigidity and crystallinity, which is suitable for a wide range of applications. However, high flammability of PP has always been noticed by users as a constraint; therefore, a variety of additives has been examined to make PP flame-retardant. In this work, research papers on the flame retardancy of PP have been comprehensively reviewed, classified in terms of flame retardancy, and evaluated based on the universal dimensionless criterion of Flame Retardancy Index (FRI). The classification of additives of well-known families, i.e., phosphorus-based, nitrogen-based, mineral, carbon-based, bio-based, and hybrid flame retardants composed of two or more additives, was reflected in FRI mirror calculated from cone calorimetry data, whatever heat flux and sample thickness in a given series of samples. PP composites were categorized in terms of flame retardancy performance as Poor, Good, or Excellent cases. It also attempted to correlate other criteria like UL-94 and limiting oxygen index (LOI) with FRI values, giving a broad view of flame retardancy performance of PP composites. The collected data and the conclusions presented in this survey should help researchers working in the field to select the best additives among possibilities for making the PP sufficiently flame-retardant for advanced applications.

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Material extrusion‐based additive manufacturing of polypropylene: A review on how to improve dimensional inaccuracy and warpage

Cited by 180 publications

References 130 publications

Preparation of polycarbonate/poly(lactic acid) with improved printability and processability for fused deposition modeling

Preparation of polycarbonate/poly(lactic acid) with improved printability and processability for fused deposition modeling

Revealing interactions of layered polymeric materials at solid-liquid interface for building solvent compatibility charts for 3D printing applications

Flame Retardant Polypropylenes: A Review

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