“Walk this way”: specific contributions of active walking to the encoding of metric properties during spatial learning

Lhuillier, Simon; Gyselinck, Valérie; Piolino, Pascale; Nicolas, Serge

doi:10.1007/s00426-020-01415-z

Cited by 9 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…For example, in a triangle completion task in which the participant travels two outbound path legs before pointing back to the path origin, performance suffers when translation (change in position) is accomplished by teleportation compared to walking and suffers further when rotation (change in orientation) is accomplished by teleportation compared to real body rotation (Cherep, Lim, Kelly, Acharya, et al, 2020;Kelly et al, 2020). These findings are consistent with prior research indicating the importance of walking (Lhuillier et al, 2020), translational (Ruddle & Lessels, 2006) and rotational (Klatzky et al, 1998) self-motion cues to spatial updating. The goal of the current project was to characterize individual differences in spatial updating performance when teleporting.…”

Section: Individual Differences In Teleporting Through Virtual Envirosupporting

confidence: 82%

Individual Differences in Teleporting through Virtual Environments

Cherep¹,

Kelly²,

Miller³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Virtual reality (VR) allows users to walk to explore the virtual environment (VE), but this capability is constrained by real obstacles. Teleporting interfaces overcome this constraint by allowing users to select a position, and sometimes orientation, in the VE before being instantly transported without self-motion cues. This study investigated whether individual differences in navigation performance when teleporting correspond to characteristics of the individual, including spatial ability. Participants performed triangle completion (traverse two outbound path legs, then point to the path origin) within VEs differing in visual landmarks. Locomotion was accomplished using three interfaces: walking, partially concordant teleporting (teleport to change position, rotate the body to change orientation), and discordant teleporting (teleport to change position and orientation). A latent profile analysis identified three classes of individuals: those who performed well overall and improved with landmarks (“Accurate Integrators”), those who performed poorly without landmarks but improved when available (“Inaccurate Integrators”), and those who performed poorly even with landmarks (“Inaccurate Non-Integrators”). Characteristics of individuals differed across classes, including gender, self-reported spatial ability, mental rotation, and perspective-taking; but only perspective-taking significantly distinguished all three classes. This work elucidates spatial cognitive correlates of navigation and provides a framework for identifying susceptibility to disorientation in VR.

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Section: Individual Differences In Teleporting Through Virtual Envirosupporting

confidence: 82%

Individual Differences in Teleporting through Virtual Environments

Cherep¹,

Kelly²,

Miller³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…Numerous studies have investigated the effect of active walking locomotion during spatial learning (see Chrastil & Warren, 2012, for a review), and found that idiothetic information contributes to the acquisition of metric knowledge (Grant & Magee, 1998; Waller et al, 2004), with the translational component of physical walking being more beneficial to direction and distance estimation performance than the rotational vestibular component (Ruddle & Lessels, 2009; Ruddle, Volkova, & Bülthoff, 2011). These results corroborate the idea that body-related information extracted from physical walking contributes to the construction of spatial representations during navigation, notably with regard to the integration of metric properties linked with distances (see also Lhuillier et al, 2020). However, as stated by Tversky (1993), different memories or judgements about space are systematically distorted and potentially contradictory.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…The main consequence of the present findings is that even though visual and proprioceptive information seem to be jointly integrated during spatial perception (Montello, 1997, 2009), the encoding of metric properties in memory does not seem to require a perfect redundancy between the magnitude of walking effort and the magnitude of travelled distances. In addition to the fact that metric properties can be accurately encoded in spatial representations even when optic flow speed does not perfectly match with walking speed (Lhuillier et al, 2020), we suggest here that recalibration processes can also compensate for the transgression of the relation between visual perception of slanted routes and energy expenditure associated with walking. At least, it is safe to say from these results that non-perfect redundancy between visual and sensorimotor information during spatial navigation does not contribute to major distortions in the encoding of metric properties.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…Indeed, all studies had participants standing, simply viewing a slant, and then performing explicit or implicit distance estimations, but no studies asked participants to actually navigate slanted environments. Regarding the difference between passive perception and active learning, recent work observed that metric information retrieved from memory was influenced by body-related information during encoding, even without perfect matching between optic flow and walking speed (Lhuillier et al, 2020). This suggests that encoding and retrieving distances from memory involves potential top-down judgement-related mechanisms that could be different in nature from, or in addition to, those influencing online perception.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

“Run to the hills”: Specific contributions of anticipated energy expenditure during active spatial learning

Lhuillier

Piolino

Nicolas

et al. 2022

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

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Grounded views of cognition consider that space perception is shaped by the body and its potential for action. These views are substantiated by observations such as the distance-on-hill effect, described as the overestimation of visually perceived uphill distances. An interpretation of this phenomenon is that slanted distances are overestimated because of the integration of energy expenditure cues. The visual perceptual processes involved are however usually tackled through explicit estimation tasks in passive situations. The goal of this study was to consider instead more ecological active spatial processing. Using immersive virtual reality and an omnidirectional treadmill, we investigated the effect of anticipated implicit physical locomotion cost by comparing spatial learning for uphill and downhill routes, while maintaining actual physical cost and walking speed constant. In the first experiment, participants learnt city layouts by exploring uphill or downhill routes. They were then tested using a landmark positioning task on a map. In the second experiment, the same protocol was used with participants who wore loaded ankle weights. Results from the first experiment showed that walking uphill routes led to a global underestimation of distances compared to downhill routes. This inverted distance-of-hill effect was not observed in the second experiment, where an additional effort was applied. These results suggest that the underestimation of distances observed in experiment one emerged from recalibration processes whose function was to solve the transgression of proprioceptive predictions linked with uphill energy expenditure. Results are discussed in relation to constructivist approaches on spatial representations and predictive coding theories.

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“…Nevertheless, this does not exclude that body-based cues play an important role in forming and recalling maps of the space when the body is used for navigation [1,28]. Indeed, embodied cognition researchers showed that the sensorimotor system helps to encode spatial frames, influence the accuracy of spatial map formation, and prepare the body to respond to meaningful stimuli in the surroundings [29][30][31].…”

Section: Towards An Embodied Space Approach In Spatial Neurorehabilitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Building Embodied Spaces for Spatial Memory Neurorehabilitation with Virtual Reality in Normal and Pathological Aging

et al. 2021

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Along with deficits in spatial cognition, a decline in body-related information is observed in aging and is thought to contribute to impairments in navigation, memory, and space perception. According to the embodied cognition theories, bodily and environmental information play a crucial role in defining cognitive representations. Thanks to the possibility to involve body-related information, manipulate environmental stimuli, and add multisensory cues, virtual reality is one of the best candidates for spatial memory rehabilitation in aging for its embodied potential. However, current virtual neurorehabilitation solutions for aging and neurodegenerative diseases are in their infancy. Here, we discuss three concepts that could be used to improve embodied representations of the space with virtual reality. The virtual bodily representation is the combination of idiothetic information involved during virtual navigation thanks to input/output devices; the spatial affordances are environmental or symbolic elements used by the individual to act in the virtual environment; finally, the virtual enactment effect is the enhancement on spatial memory provided by actively (cognitively and/or bodily) interacting with the virtual space and its elements. Theoretical and empirical findings will be presented to propose innovative rehabilitative solutions in aging for spatial memory and navigation.

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“Walk this way”: specific contributions of active walking to the encoding of metric properties during spatial learning

Cited by 9 publications

References 73 publications

Individual Differences in Teleporting through Virtual Environments

Individual Differences in Teleporting through Virtual Environments

“Run to the hills”: Specific contributions of anticipated energy expenditure during active spatial learning

Building Embodied Spaces for Spatial Memory Neurorehabilitation with Virtual Reality in Normal and Pathological Aging

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