Wages, Housework and Attitudes in the Philippines

Abstract

Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in Philippine Institute for Development Studies Surian sa mga Pag-aaral Pangkaunlaran ng PilipinasThe PIDS Discussion Paper Series constitutes studies that are preliminary and subject to further revisions. They are being circulated in a limited number of copies only for purposes of soliciting comments and suggestions for further refinements. The studies under the Series are unedited and unreviewed.The views and opinions expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the Institute.Not for quotation without permission from the author(s) and the Institute. This paper is one of the few studies that systematically analyze housework in the Philippines. It seeks to understand how wage and attitudes to work and family life affect the time devoted to housework. Based on different specifications and estimators, our findings indicate that the respondent's own wage is not a significant predictor of his or her housework hours but it is a significant predictor of the spouse's time devoted to non-market production. We find that the husband's housework hours are positively affected by the female respondent's wage while the wife's housework hours are negatively affected by the male respondent's wage. We turn to the Philippine context to explain these results and find the combination of egalitarian society and gender inequality in the labor market as plausible explanations. Results also show that both wage and attitudes have direct effects on the wife's housework time but that some of the effects of wage are mediated by the respondent's attitudes towards gender roles.

Farmer’s Experiences: The Case of Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries

“…Over the years, the structural transformation has gradually improved and accelerated farmers agricultural farmers and fisher folks has been honed a more food-secure vision in the Philippines (Bank, W., 2020), using historical data and referencing previous analyses conducted by (Ma, 2020), her study demonstrates and compares the historic changes pursuing economic and political prosperity that concerned landlord classes in each country that the strategies can be adopted for local state-building to achieve economic progress and political stability in that period: either destructing the landlord classes and carrying out land reforms, or having absolute control over land lodgers. It was stated further by (Bayudan-Dacuycuy, C., et al, 2022) that the government has been intensifying its capacity programs and boosting affordable easy access to retail lending, however, common problems had to remain such as lack of market strategy, repayment capacity, and credit rating of small farmers and fisher folks in the Philippines.…”

COVID-19 Lockdowns and Female Employment: Evidence from the Philippines

“…This uptick in fathers’ involvement in housework has also been found in the Philippines even before the pandemic. Using survey data from a non-crisis year, improved labor market outcomes of women led to an uptick in the husband’s time spent on housework (Bayudan-Dacuycuy & Dacuycuy, 2018 ). In terms of outcomes, children’s time spent in school, especially for daughters, was more directly influenced by the presence of the mother rather than the father (Pörtner, 2016 ).…”

“…There is at least some evidence that these differences are cultural and generational since among younger individuals or teenagers, girls spend 4.2 hr on average on house work compared to the 1.7 hr spent by boys which might be because of parenting differences for male and female children (Abrigo & Francisco-Abrigo, 2019 ). In terms of how labor market outcomes affect housework, Bayudan-Dacuycuy and Dacuycuy ( 2018 ) find that an increase in the husband’s wage decreases both his and his spouse’s housework hours while an increase in the wife’s wage significantly increases the husband’s housework hours. This implies that increasing women’s labor market opportunities and returns are a channel through which males increase their housework.…”

“… 1 Note that both Abrigo and Francisco-Abrigo ( 2019 ) and Bayudan-Dacuycuy and Dacuycuy ( 2018 ) use relatively old data sources—the latter being a 2000 time-use survey by the Philippine Statistics Authority and the latter being the 2002 wave of the International Social Survey Program (ISSP). These are the already the latest and most up-to-date figures on this topic but both papers recommend the integration of time-use surveys in the Philippines’ Labor Force Surveys to obtain more timely information.…”