VUV-photoelectron spectroscopy on lead clusters deposited from the pulsed arc cluster ion source (PACIS)

Siekmann, H.; Holub-Krappe, E.; Wrenger, Bu.; Pettenkofer, C.; Meiwes‐Broer, Karl‐Heinz

doi:10.1007/bf02198156

Cited by 22 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The most prevalent continuous ionization sources used for ion soft landing include electron impact ionization (EI) (Pradeep et al, ; Biesecker et al, ; Wijesundara et al, ; Bottcher et al, ), electrospray ionization (ESI) (Feng et al, ; Ouyang et al, ; Alvarez et al, ; Volny & Turecek, ; Mazzei et al, ; Hamann et al, ; Hauptmann et al, ), direct current (DC) or radiofrequency (RF) magnetron sputtering combined with gas aggregation (Haberland et al, , , ; Barnes et al, ; Pratontep et al, ; Tanemura et al, ; Lim et al, ; Duffe et al, ; Watanabe & Isomura, ; Gracia‐Pinilla et al, ; Nielsen et al, ; Wepasnick et al, ; Hartmann et al, ; Ludwig & Moore, ; Yin et al, ), high energy ion sputtering (Lapack et al, ; Harbich et al, ; Dong et al, ; Bromann et al, ; Fedrigo et al, ; Schaffner et al, ; O'Shea et al, ; Yamaguchi et al, ; Lau et al, ), and gas condensation/aggregation (GC) (Patil et al, ; Goldby et al, ; Yoon et al, ; Baker et al, ). Soft landing has also been accomplished using various pulsed ionization methods including matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) (Rader et al, ), laser ablation/vaporization (Honea et al, ; Messerli et al, ; Pauwels et al, ; Klingeler et al, ; Heiz & Bullock, ; Melinon et al, ; Kemper et al, ; Mitsui et al, ; Winans et al, ; Cattaneo et al, ; Kaden et al, ; Davila et al, ; Tournus et al, ; Wepasnick et al, ; Woodward et al, ), the pulsed arc cluster ion source (PACIS) (Siekmann et al, ; Kaiser et al, …”

Section: Overview Of Instrumentation For Soft Landing Of Ionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soft‐ and reactive landing of ions onto surfaces: Concepts and applications

Johnson

Gunaratne

Laskin

2015

Mass Spectrometry Reviews

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Soft‐ and reactive landing of mass‐selected ions is gaining attention as a promising approach for the precisely‐controlled preparation of materials on surfaces that are not amenable to deposition using conventional methods. A broad range of ionization sources and mass filters are available that make ion soft‐landing a versatile tool for surface modification using beams of hyperthermal (<100 eV) ions. The ability to select the mass‐to‐charge ratio of the ion, its kinetic energy and charge state, along with precise control of the size, shape, and position of the ion beam on the deposition target distinguishes ion soft landing from other surface modification techniques. Soft‐ and reactive landing have been used to prepare interfaces for practical applications as well as precisely‐defined model surfaces for fundamental investigations in chemistry, physics, and materials science. For instance, soft‐ and reactive landing have been applied to study the surface chemistry of ions isolated in the gas‐phase, prepare arrays of proteins for high‐throughput biological screening, produce novel carbon‐based and polymer materials, enrich the secondary structure of peptides and the chirality of organic molecules, immobilize electrochemically‐active proteins and organometallics on electrodes, create thin films of complex molecules, and immobilize catalytically active organometallics as well as ligated metal clusters. In addition, soft landing has enabled investigation of the size‐dependent behavior of bare metal clusters in the critical subnanometer size regime where chemical and physical properties do not scale predictably with size. The morphology, aggregation, and immobilization of larger bare metal nanoparticles, which are directly relevant to the design of catalysts as well as improved memory and electronic devices, have also been studied using ion soft landing. This review article begins in section 1 with a brief introduction to the existing applications of ion soft‐ and reactive landing. Section 2 provides an overview of the ionization sources and mass filters that have been used to date for soft landing of mass‐selected ions. A discussion of the competing processes that occur during ion deposition as well as the types of ions and surfaces that have been investigated follows in section 3. Section 4 discusses the physical phenomena that occur during and after ion soft landing, including retention and reduction of ionic charge along with factors that impact the efficiency of ion deposition. The influence of soft landing on the secondary structure and biological activity of complex ions is addressed in section 5. Lastly, an overview of the structure and mobility as well as the catalytic, optical, magnetic, and redox properties of bare ionic clusters and nanoparticles deposited onto surfaces is presented in section 6. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 35:439–479, 2016.

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Section: Overview Of Instrumentation For Soft Landing Of Ionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soft‐ and reactive landing of ions onto surfaces: Concepts and applications

Johnson

Gunaratne

Laskin

2015

Mass Spectrometry Reviews

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“…The most direct method to investigate the electronic level structure is photoelectron spectroscopy (PES). PES on clusters has a long history, comprising systems grown at surfaces [2,3], deposited from beams [4][5][6][7] and in gas phase. The latter yielded a fundamental understanding of how the electronic structure develops when the number of atoms N changes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pb 4f photoelectron spectroscopy on mass-selected anionic lead clusters at FLASH

et al. 2012

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4f core level photoelectron spectroscopy has been performed on negatively charged lead clusters, in the size range of 10-90 atoms. We deploy 4.7 nm radiation from the free-electron laser FLASH, yielding sufficiently high photon flux to investigate mass-selected systems in a beam. A new photoelectron detection system based on a hemispherical spectrometer and a time-resolving delayline detector makes it possible to assign electron signals to each micropulse of FLASH. The resulting 4f binding energies show good agreement with the metallic sphere model, giving evidence for a fast screening of the 4f core holes. By comparing the present work with previous 5d and valence region data, 2 the paper presents a comprehensive overview of the energetics of lead clusters, from atoms to bulk. Special care is taken to discuss the differences of the valenceand core-level anion cluster photoionizations. Whereas in the valence case the escaping photoelectron interacts with a neutral system near its ground state, core-level ionization leads to transiently highly excited neutral clusters. Thus, the photoelectron signal might carry information on the relaxation dynamics.

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“…A variety of collision experiments between clusters and solid surfaces were performed during the last decades. These can be grouped into investigations involving (i) surface modification by cluster bombardment or deposition [1,2], (ii) scattering of intact species and their fragments [3,4], and (iii) electron emission [5][6][7]. Such studies gave, for instance, insight into the stability of small particles and, to a certain extent, their geometry; energetic cluster impact can modify the formation of thin films.…”

Section: Femtosecond Neutralization Dynamics In Cluster-solid Surfacementioning

confidence: 99%

“…(2) and (3) by taking into account 20 surface states for HOPG and 200 for Al, distributed in such a way as to reproduce the major features of the DOS of the targets. For simplicity, we use rectangular DOS of different width W , depending on the target material, but more states and more complicated DOS can be taken into account.…”

Section: Femtosecond Neutralization Dynamics In Cluster-solid Surfacementioning

confidence: 99%

Femtosecond Neutralization Dynamics in Cluster-Solid Surface Collisions

et al. 1997

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Experimental results for the relative electron emission yields g͑N͒ of charged clusters colliding at low energies with different surfaces are presented. For fixed collision energy a remarkable cluster size dependence of g͑N͒ is obtained using highly oriented pyrolytic graphite as target. By studying theoretically the collision process within a microscopic model we find that the nonadiabatic survival probability of the charged clusters shows the same behavior as g͑N͒. Thus, g͑N͒ reflects the femtosecond neutralization dynamics during the collision, which may result in damped Stückelberg oscillations for targets with narrow densities of states. [S0031-9007(97)04139-2] PACS numbers: 79.20. Rf, 34.50.Dy, 36.40.Wa Quantum effects observed when two macroscopic objects interact via a tunneling gap are always exciting as they might be important for future nanoelectronic devices. In addition they sometimes allow intriguing insight into the physics of quantum states induced by the charge confinement in a system of reduced dimensionality. As a matter of fact, however, the dynamics of the electron motion usually remains hidden due to the extremely short time scales involved. Only recently the pumpprobe techniques with femtosecond laser light pulses have started to give some progress in the understanding of such processes.Here we will raise the question of whether the transient character of a collision process of a charged metal atom cluster with a solid surface might elucidate the dynamics of the electron motion between the two partners. Will there be a single electron jump as in a classical picture, or might there be a resonant tunneling process where the charge density-once the collision partners overcome a minimum threshold distance-fluctuates between cluster and surface?So far, this question has not been tackled. A variety of collision experiments between clusters and solid surfaces were performed during the last decades. These can be grouped into investigations involving (i) surface modification by cluster bombardment or deposition [1,2], (ii) scattering of intact species and their fragments [3,4], and (iii) electron emission [5][6][7]. Such studies gave, for instance, insight into the stability of small particles and, to a certain extent, their geometry; energetic cluster impact can modify the formation of thin films. During energetic impact there exist nonequilibrium conditions similar to those in shock tubes, but on a very different time scale, a femtosecond scale. New types of chemical reactions, characterized by extremely high density, pressure, and kinetic temperature, are expected to occur. All these experiments give no hints of possible quantum effects, which are the topic of this Letter.The setup of the experiment for collision induced electron emission measurements will be described in detail elsewhere [8]. In short, the clusters are produced in a source of the PACIS type [9]. After acceleration to their final collision energy E coll , they are mass separated in a Wien velocity filter (Colutron 600 B) which...

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VUV-photoelectron spectroscopy on lead clusters deposited from the pulsed arc cluster ion source (PACIS)

Cited by 22 publications

References 24 publications

Soft‐ and reactive landing of ions onto surfaces: Concepts and applications

Soft‐ and reactive landing of ions onto surfaces: Concepts and applications

Pb 4f photoelectron spectroscopy on mass-selected anionic lead clusters at FLASH

Femtosecond Neutralization Dynamics in Cluster-Solid Surface Collisions

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