Vulvovaginal Candidiasis Prevalence Among Pregnant Women in Different Hospitals in Ibb, Yemen

Abstract

Background and aims: Candida species are opportunistic yeasts that affect the genital urinary tract that causes vulvovaginal candidiasis in the most females, particularly in developing countries. This work aims to find the prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis among pregnant women in Ibb, Yemen.
 Material and methods: Two hundred and eighteen samples of females attending outpatient obstetrics and gynecology clinics were chosen from several hospitals (Al-Thawra, Maternity and Childhood Center, Maternal Reproductive Health Center, and Nasser General Hospital) located in Ibb, from December 2019 to March 2020. The laboratory works were performed in the microbiology department of Al-Thawra Hospital, Ibb. Vaginal swabs were cultivated on Sabouraud dextrose agar, then the species of Candida identification and anti-fungal sensitivity tests were performed regarding the standard procedure of microbiology.
 Results: The findings revealed that out of 218 cases, 134 (61.5%) were infected with Candida species, and the rate of candidiasis was higher among women coming from rural areas than among women in urban areas; and in the age group 28-37 years. C. albicans (61.2%) were the most prevalent species followed by C. tropicalis (21.64%), C. glabrata (11.19%), and C. kefyr (5.97%). Susceptibility tests showed that the most isolated Candida species were sensitive to nystatin (94.8), fluconazole (91.04%), amphotericin B (88.80%), voriconazole (78.35%), clotrimazole (75.37%), ketoconazole (73.13%), and itraconazole (69.40%).
 Conclusion: It can be concluded that Candida vaginitis is very common among pregnant women, and the tested anti-fungal agents continue to be effective against all isolates of Candida species. In contrast, there was a slight increase resistant against itraconazole, ketoconazole, clotrimazole, and voriconazole which raises concern about a rise in Candida species that are resistant to these drugs.
 Peer Review History: 
 Received 27 June 2020; Revised 15 July; Accepted 12 August, Available online 15 September 2020
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 Received file 
 
 Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.5/10
 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 8.5/10
 Reviewer(s) detail:
 Name: Ashwaq Ali Hezam Al-Arossi
 Affiliation: Sana'a University, Yemen
 E-mail: ashwaqali651@gmail.com
 
 Name: Prof. Dr. Hassan A.H. Al-Shamahy
 Affiliation: Sana'a University, Yemen
 E-mail: shmahe@yemen.net.ye
 
 Name: Dr. (Mrs) Amaka A. Mgbahurike
 Affiliation: University of PortHarcourt, Nigeria
 E-mail: amaka_mgbahurike@yahoo.com
 
 Comments of reviewer(s): 
 
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“…Similarly, Adjapong et al reported that 10% of C. albicans isolates from VVC patients were resistant to ITC [39]. Edrees et al showed that 29.6% of C. albicans isolates from VVC patients were resistant to ITC [40]. In addition, our findings showed that the resistance rate of C. glabrata to fluconazole was 7.7%.…”

“…Edrees et al showed that 29.6% of C . albicans isolates from VVC patients were resistant to ITC [ 40 ]. In addition, our findings showed that the resistance rate of C .…”

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Vulvovaginal Candidosis during Pregnancy: A Review

“…According to the data in Table 1 , the highest prevalence of VVC to be noticed is 90.38% in Kenya, a study conducted by Nelson et al [ 31 ]. Also, a significant prevalence of VVC with 62.2%, 60.8% positive for candidiasis, and 61.5% positive growth in culture has been observed in Enugu State, Nigeria [ 26 ]; North-west Nigeria [ 37 ]; and Ibb, Yemen [ 28 ], respectively. On the contrary, a study performed by Masri et al [ 39 ] in Malaysia has detected the lowest positive isolates for candida, which is 17.2% during pregnancy.…”

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