Vulnerability of long-term neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos: effect on schedule-induced polydipsia and a delay discounting task

Abstract

Taken together, our data confirm and extend the long-term behavioral effects of subcutaneous administration of CPF and point to a role for other systems that, besides AChE inhibition, contribute to the long-term neurotoxicity of CPF.

Impulsivity Characterization in the Roman High- and Low-Avoidance Rat Strains: Behavioral and Neurochemical Differences

“…During the first set, both levers had a delay of 0 s. The delay to reward A remained constant at 0 s throughout the experiment, whereas the delay to reward B increased to 10 s in set 2, 20 s in set 3, and 40 s in set 4. Set 5 was identical to set 1: levers A and B were both 0 s. Only data from the last two sessions per set were analyzed (see Cardona et al, 2006, for more details).…”

“…A detailed description of the apparatus has been provided previously for SIP and delay-discounting task (Cardona et al, 2006;López-Grancha et al, 2008). The same chambers were also used in the 5-CSRT task, with an array of five contiguous square holes (2.5 cm), 2.2-cm deep and 2 cm above floor level at the back panel.…”

“…Curiously and relevant to this work, these disorders also share impulsivity as one of the main symptoms (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). In fact, the development of SIP has revealed marked individual differences among animals (Cardona et al, 2006;López-Grancha et al, 2008;Valenstein, 1984, 1985;Piazza et al, 1993), allowing their separation into high (HD) and low drinkers (LD) populations, according to whether their rates of drinking are above or below the median. Our findings show a high correspondence of RHA-I and HD and between RLA-I and LD.…”

“…In this study, we investigated possible differences in impulsivity between the RHA-I and RLA-I inbred strains to assess their potential as a valid model for studying the basis of impulsivity, dividing this multifaceted trait (Evenden, 1999) into two testable categories: (1) impulsive choice, measured by intolerance of gratification delay in the delaydiscounting task (Cardona et al, 2006;Winstanley et al, 2004Winstanley et al, , 2006, and (2) impulsive behavior, measured by poor inhibitory control of inappropriate responses in a fivechoice serial reaction time (5-CSRT) task (Robbins, 2002;Winstanley et al, 2006). We also examined possible between-strain differences on schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP) task that has been suggested as a model of OCD (Platt et al, 2008;Rosenzweig-Lipson et al, 2007;Woods et al, 1993;Woods-Kettelberger et al, 1996).…”

Effects of a single high dose of Chlorpyrifos in long-term feeding, ethanol consumption and ethanol preference in male Wistar rats with a previous history of continued ethanol drinking

“…A single dose of CPF (250 mg/kg) induces a maximum brain AChE inhibition 48 hr post-administration (Cardona et al, 2006;Lopez-Crespo et al, 2007), remaining inhibited at similar extent 4 days post-administration and slowly recovering over a period of approximately twelve weeks (Bushnell et al, 1993). In the present study biochemical indexes of CPF intoxication were collected at two different time-points.…”