Vulcanization of chlorobutyl rubber. III. Reaction mechanisms in compounds containing combinations of zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate, tetramethylthiuram disulfide, sulfur, and ZnO

Hendrikse, K. G.; McGill, W. J.

doi:10.1002/1097-4628(20010214)79:7<1309::aid-app190>3.0.co;2-3

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 26 publications

(48 reference statements)

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“…The in situ formed ZnCl 2 initiated a cationic reaction mechanism that leads to the formation of carbon–carbon crosslinks without the participation of conjugated diene butyl. Hendrikse et al have reported that the crosslinking reaction of CIIR and ZnO follows a cationic reaction mechanism between the in situ formed isoprenoid carbocation and the conjugated diene butyl. Because the formation of such crosslinks highly restricts the movement of polymer chains, the possibility of further crosslinks between the carbocation on the polymer and the conjugated diene butyl becomes limited.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergistic effect of 4,4′-bis(maleimido) diphenylmethane and zinc oxide on the vulcanization behavior and thermo-mechanical properties of chlorinated isobutylene-isoprene rubber

Shibulal

Jang

Jeong

et al. 2016

Polym. Adv. Technol.

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It is well known that the vulcanization of chlorinated isobutylene-isoprene rubber (CIIR) with ZnO alone is very slow and the resulting vulcanizate shows low crosslinking density as well as poor mechanical and thermal properties. For these problems to be addressed, 4,4′-bis(maleimido) diphenylmethane (BMDM) has been applied along with ZnO to cure CIIR. The curing behavior was investigated using oscillating disk rheometer and differential scanning calorimetry analysis. The crosslinking densities, mechanical, dynamic mechanical, and thermal properties of the vulcanizates were also evaluated as a function of BMDM content. From the rheometer and differential scanning calorimetry analysis, it has been confirmed that the rate of curing, as well as the extent of curing between CIIR and ZnO, has remarkably increased in the presence of BMDM. The Diels-Alder reaction between the in situ formed conjugated diene butyl from CIIR/ZnO with the maleic moieties of BMDM has been identified as a primary reason for the higher rate and state of cure. The crosslinking densities of the vulcanizate CIIR/ZnO have significantly increased with increase in the content of BMDM. As a result, the compression set of the vulcanizate was remarkably decreased at elevated temperature. Moreover, the vulcanizates contain BMDM that has exhibited high thermal degradation temperature and good retention of the mechanical properties even after 7 days of thermal ageing.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergistic effect of 4,4′-bis(maleimido) diphenylmethane and zinc oxide on the vulcanization behavior and thermo-mechanical properties of chlorinated isobutylene-isoprene rubber

Shibulal

Jang

Jeong

et al. 2016

Polym. Adv. Technol.

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“…Numerous other reports are available about the processing of halobutyl rubbers. [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] In the present article the rheological behaviour of NR and CIIR based nanocomposites have been studied using oscillatory rheometer. The morphology of the nanocomposites has been thoroughly investigated using high resolution transmission electron microscope and XRD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rheological behaviour of clay incorporated natural rubber and chlorobutyl rubber nanocomposites

Zachariah

Geethamma

Chandra³

et al. 2014

RSC Adv.

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The rheological behaviour of organoclay nanocomposites based on natural rubber (NR) and chlorine substituted isobutyl-isoprene rubber (CIIR), was investigated separately. For the study, an organoclay Nanomer I.44P treated with a surfactant containing hydrogenated tallow, quaternary ammonium chloride, was used. The linear dynamic viscoelastic measurements indicated that the viscosity of NR/ organoclay nanocomposites increased as the nanofiller content increases from 0 to 10 phr. NR nanocomposites showed the network formation, however, real solid like behaviour was not observed as reported in the case of other polymer/clay nanocomposites. The extent of exfoliation of nanofillers in NR nanocomposites was estimated using their shear thinning behaviour. Form factor calculations based on TEM data indicated excellent dispersion of clay in the NR matrix. The modeling of the linear dynamic viscoelasticity in NR nanocomposites has been done using the Carreau-Yasuda model (CY model).Interestingly, the behaviour of CIIR nanocomposites was very different from NR nanocomposites. CIIR/ organoclay nanocomposites did not show any variation in the viscosity as the filler loading varies from 0 to 10 phr. Viscosity and modulus plots as a function of frequency with varying clay content coalesced into a master curve indicating lack of interaction between clay and CIIR matrix. This has been explained based on polarity mismatch, steric effects and high viscosity of CIIR as compared to NR. The WAXD and TEM analyses showed an intercalated and agglomerated morphology for CIIR/clay nanocomposites. The behaviour of CIIR nanocomposites in this study has been explained by suggesting a different mechanism, where nanofillers are encapsulated in certain "pockets". The mechanism proposed on CIIR nanocomposites is supported with the help of transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

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Enhancing the efficiency of zinc oxide vulcanization in brominated poly (isobutylene-co-isoprene) rubber using structurally different Bismaleimides

et al. 2018

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Vulcanization of chlorobutyl rubber. III. Reaction mechanisms in compounds containing combinations of zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate, tetramethylthiuram disulfide, sulfur, and ZnO

Cited by 6 publications

References 26 publications

Synergistic effect of 4,4′-bis(maleimido) diphenylmethane and zinc oxide on the vulcanization behavior and thermo-mechanical properties of chlorinated isobutylene-isoprene rubber

Synergistic effect of 4,4′-bis(maleimido) diphenylmethane and zinc oxide on the vulcanization behavior and thermo-mechanical properties of chlorinated isobutylene-isoprene rubber

Rheological behaviour of clay incorporated natural rubber and chlorobutyl rubber nanocomposites

Enhancing the efficiency of zinc oxide vulcanization in brominated poly (isobutylene-co-isoprene) rubber using structurally different Bismaleimides

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