Vulcanization Accelerators—I.

Whitby, George Stafford; Simmons, H. E.

doi:10.1021/ie50189a021

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…This reaction can occur both during and after the manufacturing process of latex gloves. N-Nitrosamines were produced 16 following the reaction illustrated in Figure 3.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production and properties of natural rubber glove using sustainable benign accelerator

Tangavaloo

Yuhana

Jiun

2021

Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology

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In natural polyisoprene glove manufacturing industries, the selection of accelerators in the curing system is mainly determined by the curing characteristics, maturation time required, cross-link density and mechanical properties of gloves. In this study, a new accelerator replacing conventional ones in a typical glove manufacturing process, was studied in order to produce free carcinogen dipped article. The glove properties and performance prepared by using both conventional and new proposed accelerators were studied and compared. The use of a conventional accelerator tends to release carcinogenic chemicals namely N-nitrosamine and N-nitrosatable substances. These chemicals are restrained on dipped articles under the requirement of EN 71-12:2013. Xanthogen accelerators promote the reduction of carcinogenic chemicals, but they are associated with prolonged maturation hour, which is unfavourable in the manufacturing industry. This study used a mixture of a benign accelerator, namely, diisononyldithiocarbamate and diisopropyl xanthogen polysulfide, to substitute the usage of conventional accelerators zinc dibutyl dithiocarbamate and zinc diethyl dithiocarbamate. The effects of benign accelerator loading in latex compounds were studied by focusing on the swelling index, maturation hour, carcinogenic chemical released and mechanical properties, thermal degradation and stability. Results showed no presence of N-nitrosamines and N-nitrosatable substances in the final dipped products by using 0.3 and 0.5 phr of benign accelerator. This study showed that 0.5 phr of benign accelerator achieved a moderate pre-vulcanising rate and improved the pre-ageing tensile strength and elongation by 11% and 7.0%, respectively. Moreover, its thermal stability was higher and discolouration intensity was lower as compared with the conventional accelerator.

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“…This reaction can occur both during and after the manufacturing process of latex gloves. N-Nitrosamines were produced 16 following the reaction illustrated in Figure 3.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production and properties of natural rubber glove using sustainable benign accelerator

Tangavaloo

Yuhana

Jiun

2021

Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology

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“…Chem., 23, 50 (1931); 24, 799 (1932). AMONG the many partial explanations of the mechanism of vulcanization, several require a polymerizing action at some step in the process {1, 7,11,14,16,17). The actual mechanism of the polymerization is usually not explained, and in certain cases it is probable that the term "polymerization" may be intended to cover some type of phenomena not involving primary valence forces.…”

Section: Literature Citedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relation of Volume Change to the Mechanism of Rubber Vulcanization

Williams

1934

Ind. Eng. Chem.

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“…This is due to the fact that sulfur is low in toxicity and cost, compatible with other additives, and able to predictably provide the desired vulcanisation properties. The typical vulcanisation system consists mainly of sulfur, metal oxide (usually zinc oxide), a fatty acid (to make the metal oxide soluble), and one or more organic accelerators, where the chemical reaction between sulfur and the rubber hydrocarbon occurs mainly at the C = C (double bonds) [3]. Vulcanization is generally considered irreversible.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Vulcanization is generally considered irreversible. In other words, after it has been altered, the once long, complex, and twisted rubber molecule cannot return to its original form [3]. Tires produced by vulcanization are non-degradable material, which means that they could potentially stick around indefinitely.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Devulcanization of Waste Tire Rubber Using Amine Based Solvents and Ultrasonic Energy

et al. 2018

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This research project focuses on an alternative pathway of devulcanizing waste tire rubber by using amine based chemicals. Waste tire rubbers are known to be as toxic, non-degradable material due to their vulcanized crosslink carbon structure, and disposing of such waste could impose hazardous impacts on the environment. The current rubber recycling methods that are practiced today are rather uneconomical, non-environmentally friendly, and also producing recycled rubber with low quality due to the alteration in the main polymeric chains of waste rubber. This project aims to answer the question of whether the usage of amine can produce high quality rubber, where the properties of recycled rubber is almost the same as new/virgin rubber. With known potential of amine, it is a challenge for the chemical to selectively cleave the sulfur bonds without affecting the main carbon backbone chain in the rubber structure and diminishing much of the rubber properties. To study this research, amine-treated rubber must undergo devulcanisation process by applying heat and sonication energy. Then, the properties of the amine-treated rubber were determined through a set of characterization tests and analysis which are: gel content test to determine the weight of rubber before and after devulcanization, the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to determine the thermal degradation and stability of rubber, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to determine any structural change of the rubber. In this research so far, the first two preliminary analysis tests have been performed. The gel content test has shown that tertiary amine samples possessed a lower gel content (%) of (77 – 63 %), compared to primary amine samples (falls within the range of 80%), as well as the TGA test in which tertiary amine samples degrade faster than primary amine samples (suggesting a higher degree of rubber structure breakdown). For each type of amine, the concertation of amine did not play a major role in affecting the degree of devulcanization (as the concentration increased, the degree of devulcanization decreased for some samples). FTIR analysis showed that only sulphur-sulphur bonds were cleaved during the devulcanization process, leaving the carbon-sulphur bonds unaffected.

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Vulcanization Accelerators—I.

Abstract: Table IRubber 100, sulfur 7.5, zinc oxide 5, cured at 115°C. with various proportions of piperidinium pentamethylenedithiocarbamate ,-(a) 0.25 part P. P.-s ^-(6) 0.33 part P. P.-> ) 0.50 part P. P.-.,-(d) 0.66 part P. P.-.

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

Production and properties of natural rubber glove using sustainable benign accelerator

Production and properties of natural rubber glove using sustainable benign accelerator

Relation of Volume Change to the Mechanism of Rubber Vulcanization

Devulcanization of Waste Tire Rubber Using Amine Based Solvents and Ultrasonic Energy

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