Voluntary pacing and energy cost of off-road cycling and running

Mastroianni, George R.; Zupan, Michael F.; Chuba, Donna M; Berger, R. C.; Wile, Alfred L

doi:10.1016/s0003-6870(00)00017-x

Cited by 19 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…30 Differences in rider experience, technical competency, and risk tolerance may further affect the resultant velocity at any given part of the course and partly explain differences between individual riders. 16,31 Figure 2 illustrates that participants used a wide range of velocities (0-11 m/s) within each lap. It is not unusual for riders to put a foot down or slow to a temporary stop when negotiating technical elements of the course, resulting in the recording of ≤1 m/s.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Even Between-Lap Pacing Despite High Within-Lap Variation During Mountain Biking

Martin

Lambeth-Mansell

Azevedo

et al. 2012

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

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Purpose:Given the paucity of research on pacing strategies during competitive events, this study examined changes in dynamic high-resolution performance parameters to analyze pacing profiles during a multiple-lap mountain-bike race over variable terrain.Methods:A global-positioning-system (GPS) unit (Garmin, Edge 305, USA) recorded velocity (m/s), distance (m), elevation (m), and heart rate at 1 Hz from 6 mountain-bike riders (mean ± SD age = 27.2 ± 5.0 y, stature = 176.8 ± 8.1 cm, mass = 76.3 ± 11.7 kg, VO2max = 55.1 ± 6.0 mL · kg−1 . min−1) competing in a multilap race. Lap-by-lap (interlap) pacing was analyzed using a 1-way ANOVA for mean time and mean velocity. Velocity data were averaged every 100 m and plotted against race distance and elevation to observe the presence of intralap variation.Results:There was no significant difference in lap times (P = .99) or lap velocity (P = .65) across the 5 laps. Within each lap, a high degree of oscillation in velocity was observed, which broadly reflected changes in terrain, but high-resolution data demonstrated additional nonmonotonic variation not related to terrain.Conclusion:Participants adopted an even pace strategy across the 5 laps despite rapid adjustments in velocity during each lap. While topographical and technical variations of the course accounted for some of the variability in velocity, the additional rapid adjustments in velocity may be associated with dynamic regulation of self-paced exercise.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Even Between-Lap Pacing Despite High Within-Lap Variation During Mountain Biking

Martin

Lambeth-Mansell

Azevedo

et al. 2012

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

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“…Studies on the nature and severity of performance decrements on the battlefield are practically non-existent due to the high risk of injury (or death) and the presence of actual casualties on the battlefield (Lieberman et al 2005). Although the full range and intensity of combat cannot be simulated in an experimental setting, previous studies make clear that it is important to collect data during realistic exercises that more closely resemble actual task execution (Dicks, Button, and Davids, 2010;Mann et al 2007;Mastroianni et al 2003). In laboratory settings it is often difficult to evoke the exact same behaviour as in the field.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of anxiety and exercise-induced fatigue on shooting accuracy and cognitive performance in infantry soldiers

Nibbeling

Oudejans

Ubink³

et al. 2014

Ergonomics

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Soldiers encounter anxiety and exercise-induced fatigue. We investigated to what degree these factors influence soldiers' shooting and cognitive performance. Experimental manipulation of anxiety and exercise during a representative field course indicated decreased performance under anxiety. Exercise prevented shooting accuracy from deteriorating under anxiety, although cognitive performance was negatively affected after exercise.

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“…As fatigue ensues, cyclists tend to carry their bikes during sections otherwise rideable. Given that terrain gradient exerts a bigger impact on speed during running than cycling 14 , it is expected that more frequent and longer running sections of a course lead towards positive pacing strategies, whereas sparser and shorter running sections lead towards even profiles. Future studies should address these hypotheses to reveal what determines the general behaviour of cyclo9cross competitors.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Of note, it has been shown that adjustments in racing speed are 101 more closely related to terrain gradient in running than in 102 cycling14 . Since cyclo9cross involves alternations between both 103 exercise modes 1 , a unique pacing profile would be…”

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confidence: 99%