Even Between-Lap Pacing Despite High Within-Lap Variation During Mountain Biking

Martin, Louise; Lambeth-Mansell, Anneliese; Azevedo, Liane B.; Holmes, L.A.; Wright, Rachel L.; Gibson, Alan St Clair

doi:10.1123/ijspp.7.3.261

Cited by 16 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Theoretically, an even pacing pattern is regarded as optimal for performance in endurance sports events with durations > 2 min, where athletes race against the clock over a known distance ( Abbiss and Laursen, 2008 ). In contrast, studies of running ( Tucker et al, 2006 ; Hanley, 2015 ), cycling ( Thomas et al, 2012 ), mountain bike ( Martin et al, 2012 ), and rowing ( Garland, 2005 ) have shown that athletes, in fact, apply positive, J-shaped or variable pacing patterns. Furthermore, studies on pacing patterns in XC ski racing have consistently shown that, on a lap-by-lap basis, XC skiers apply a positive pacing pattern independent of both race distance and level of the skiers ( Larsson and Henriksson-Larsen, 2005 ; Bolger et al, 2015 ; Formenti et al, 2015 ; Andersson et al, 2016 ; Losnegard et al, 2017 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Exercise Intensity During Cross-Country Skiing Described by Oxygen Demands in Flat and Uphill Terrain

et al. 2018

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Purpose: In this study wearable global navigation satellite system units were used on athletes to investigate pacing patterns by describing exercise intensities in flat and uphill terrain during a simulated cross-country ski race.Methods: Eight well-trained male skiers (age: 23.0 ± 4.8 years, height: 183.8 ± 6.8 cm, weight: 77.1 ± 6.1 kg, VO2peak: 73 ± 5 mL⋅kg-1⋅min-1) completed a 13.5-km individual time trial outdoors and a standardized indoor treadmill protocol on roller skis. Positional data were recorded during the time trial using a differential global navigation satellite system to calculate external workloads in flat and uphill terrain. From treadmill tests, the individual relationships between oxygen consumption and external workload in flat (1°) and uphill (8°) terrain were determined, in addition to VO2peak and the maximal accumulated O2-deficit. To estimate the exercise intensity in the time trial, the O2-demand in two different flat and five different uphill sections was calculated by extrapolation of individual O2-consumption/workload ratios.Results: There was a significant interaction between section and average O2-demands, with higher O2-demands in the uphill sections (110–160% of VO2peak) than in the flat sections (≤100% of VO2peak) (p < 0.01). The maximal accumulated O2-deficit associated with uphill treadmill roller skiing was significantly higher compared to flat (6.2 ± 0.5 vs. 4.6 ± 0.5 L, p < 0.01), while no significant difference was found in VO2peak.Conclusion: Cross-country (XC) skiers repeatedly applied exercise intensities exceeding their maximal aerobic power. ΣO2-deficits were higher during uphill skiing compared to flat which has implications for the duration and magnitude of supramaximal work rates that can be applied in different types of terrain.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Exercise Intensity During Cross-Country Skiing Described by Oxygen Demands in Flat and Uphill Terrain

et al. 2018

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“…Interestingly, any notable changes in number of bouts and the mean duration of bouts did not follow the decrease in accumulated W' per lap and mean bout magnitude (Table 2). The lack of a meaningful change in bout duration and number suggests high PO actions are a result of challenges imposed by the track, in support of Martin et al (2012) conclusions about a spontaneous relationship between pacing and terrain, with even lap-to-lap pacing despite high intralap variability. Another aspect could be that the decrease in mean bout magnitude is simply a response to the reduced density of riders after the mass-start (Granier et al, 2018).…”

Section: Measurementioning

confidence: 76%

“…CP is considered to be the highest sustainable rate of oxidative metabolism without a continuous loss of homeostasis, defined as the boundary between steady state and non-steady state exercise ( Poole et al, 1988 ; Jones et al, 2008 ). Applying the CP concept to XCO could thus delineate work attributable to aerobic and anaerobic energy sources during a race ( Chidnok et al, 2012 ; Martin et al, 2012 ; Hays et al, 2018 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise Intensity and Pacing Pattern During a Cross-Country Olympic Mountain Bike Race

et al. 2021

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Objective: To examine the power profiles and pacing patterns in relation to critical power (CP) and maximal aerobic power (MAP) output during a cross-country Olympic (XCO) mountain bike race.Methods: Five male and two female national competitive XCO cyclists completed a UCI Cat. 1 XCO race. The races were 19 km and 23 km and contained five (female) and six (male) laps, respectively. Power output (PO) during the race was measured with the cyclists’ personal power meters. On two laboratory tests using their own bikes and power meters, CP and work capacity above CP (W') were calculated using three time trials of 12, 7, and 3 min, while MAP was established based on a 3-step submaximal test and the maximal oxygen uptake from the 7-min time trial.Results: Mean PO over the race duration (96 ± 7 min) corresponded to 76 ± 9% of CP and 63 ± 4% of MAP. 40 ± 8% of race time was spent with PO > CP, and the mean duration and magnitude of the bouts >CP was ~8 s and ~120% of CP. From the first to last lap, time >CP and accumulated W' per lap decreased with 9 ± 6% and 45 ± 17%, respectively. For single >CP bouts, mean magnitude and mean W' expended decreased by 25 ± 8% and 38 ± 15% from the first to the last lap, respectively. Number and duration of bouts did not change significantly between laps.Conclusion: The highly variable pacing pattern in XCO implies the need for rapid changes in metabolic power output, as a result of numerous separate short-lived >CP actions which decrease in magnitude in later laps, but with little lap-to-lap variation in number and duration.

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“…Numerous studies have been performed during cycling (Faria et al, 2005;Davies et al, 2016). To date, no data exists for fixed-gear bike events and very few studies have explored similar cycling events in short closed circuits such as cyclo-cross (Bossi et al, 2018) or mountain bike (Martin et al, 2012;Granier et al, 2018;Moss et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In mountain bike cycling, pacing has been shown to be related to performance, age, sex, and race experience (Moss et al, 2019). Even or positive pacing strategies are generally observed in official races or laboratory simulated events (Martin et al, 2012;Bossi et al, 2018;Moss et al, 2019). In addition, fast starts are often observed (Bossi et al, 2018;Granier et al, 2018;Viana et al, 2018) and large within-laps variability has been observed partly as a result of topography (Martin et al, 2012;Moss et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pacing and Positioning Strategies During an Elite Fixed-Gear Cycling Criterium

Babault

Païzis

M.D.

et al. 2020

Front. Sports Act. Living

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Fixed-gear cycling performance during criteriums predominantly involves the aerobic system. Whether pacing is another important factor for performance is unknown. The purpose of the present study was to explore pacing and/or positioning strategies of fixed-gear riders during criteriums. Race results of an international fixed-gear criterium were analyzed (20 laps for women and 28 laps for men; laps = 1,270 m). Statistics were conducted on individuals lap time and positioning during the finals. Race pattern in women (n = 35) and men (n = 53) revealed that the faster laps (P < 0.05) were in the middle and at the end of the race and the slower laps (P < 0.05) were at the end of the race (laps 17-18 for women and lap 26 for men). The final ranking was significantly correlated with the mean race position (Kendall's tau = 0.664 and 0.689 for women and men, respectively). A coefficient of variation >50% revealed an important positioning variability. The best riders are mostly amongst the first during the race. However, the others exhibited larger mean position variations during the first half of the race. Our results demonstrated variable pacing strategies during fixed-gear criteriums. Although some riders had economical drafting strategies during the first half of the race, riding placed ahead during the whole race seemed to be an essential performance factor.

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Even Between-Lap Pacing Despite High Within-Lap Variation During Mountain Biking

Cited by 16 publications

References 30 publications

Exercise Intensity During Cross-Country Skiing Described by Oxygen Demands in Flat and Uphill Terrain

Exercise Intensity During Cross-Country Skiing Described by Oxygen Demands in Flat and Uphill Terrain

Exercise Intensity and Pacing Pattern During a Cross-Country Olympic Mountain Bike Race

Pacing and Positioning Strategies During an Elite Fixed-Gear Cycling Criterium

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