Voltammetric detection of silver(I) using a carbon paste electrode modified with keratin

Carbon Paste Electrodes in Facts, Numbers, and Notes: A Review on the Occasion of the 50‐Years Jubilee of Carbon Paste in Electrochemistry and Electroanalysis

“…Finally, the list of specimens containing an inorganic analyte of interest can be completed with some less common samples such as: i) photographic developer [150]; ii) cosmetic hair blonding boosters [97]; iii) explosives (TNT and nitro-cellulose [287], ammonium perchlorate [258]) or iv) primary explosives (lead azide stabilized with dextrin [272]), v) dental amalgams [286], vi) wines and alcohol drinks [240,288], vii) tea extracts [106], viii) silicate bricks [260], ix) ceramic glass [289], or even x) crude petroleum decomposed by microwave-assisted digestion [290].…”

“…For both CMCPEs and CP-biosensors, numerous materials of such a origin were used, comprising: i) plants and plant tissues (e.g., alga [131], lichen [132], moss [133], tobacco [134], pea seedlings [135], or grass weed [136]); ii) fruits and vegetables (often as natural sources of enzymes); e.g., banana [137]; orange slice [138], apple [139], pear and peach [140], avocado [141], annona pear [142], pineapple [143], or potatoes [140]; iii) mushrooms [140,144,145], iv) bacteria and viruses [146,147]); v) natural macromolecules (e.g., chitin [148], chitosan [149], or keratin [150]); vi) other materials such as liquid crystals [151,152], metal dispersions [153,154], or pumice (sea foam [155]). …”

Electrode Materials (Bulk Materials and Modification)

“…[822][823][824][825][826] Molecularly imprinted polymers (i.e., macromolecular compounds formed in the presence of a molecule that is extracted afterwards, thus leaving complementary cavities behind, which can then be exploited to the selective accumulation of the original molecule) were also exploited for their selective recognition properties (e.g., towards pesticides, phenol derivatives or explosives [827][828][829] ). Several natural macromolecular compounds (humic substances, [830][831][832] lichens, 833,834 or keratin 835 ) were modifiers of CPEs 845 ). The anion exchange resins were essentially nitrogen-bearing polymers, i.e., quaternized poly(4-vinylpyridine) 846,847 and Amberlite LA2.…”

Sensitivity of a Glassy Carbon Electrode Covered with a Chitin Film Improved by the Addition of Carbon Powder

“…Carbon powder has been used to prepare a modified carbon paste electrode. 13 Consequently, it is expected that the carbon powder added in the film transmits electrons to the electrode surface. Table 1 gives the relationship between the peak current and the ratio of the carbon to chitin on the measurements for ascorbic acid.…”