Abstract:The electrooxidative behavior and determination of metformin hydrochloride, anti-hyperglycemic drug, on a pyrogallol modified carbon paste electrode were investigated using cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. Metformin hydrochloride shows an irreversible oxidation behavior over a wide interval of pH (Britton-Robinson buffers, pH 2-9). The peak current varied linearly in the range comprised between 8.0 × 10 -7 and 6.0 × 10 -6 mol/L with detection limit of 6.63 × 10 -8 mol/L and limit of quant… Show more
“…According to data from the literature, the most popular MET voltametric sensors are composed of a carbon paste electrode (CPE). Significant improvements in the selectivity and selectivity of CPEs have been achieved through the introduction of various kinds of nanomaterials, such as Fe-Cu/TiO2 [77], copper(II)-loaded activated charcoal [78], γ-Fe2O3@ hydrohyapatite/Cu(II) magnetic nanocomposites [79], sized mesoporous silica materials functionalized by copper ion [80], pyrogallol [81], molecular wires containing copper(II) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes [82], copper-graphene nanocomposites [83] and nickel oxide nanotube/carbon microparticle/Nafion composites [75]. Most of these constructions are based on the utilization of materials containing copper, which reacts with metformin, forming The worldwide consumption of metformin has resulted in the development of many electrochemical methods for its sensitive and selective determination in pharmaceuticals, biological fluids and environmental samples (Table 7).…”
This article presents the current state of knowledge regarding electrochemical methods for determining the active substances within drugs that are used in the treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Electrochemical methods of analysis, due to their sensitivity and easiness, are a great alternative to other, usually more expensive analytical assays. The determination of active substances mentioned in this review is based on oxidation or reduction processes on the surface of the working electrode. A wide variety of working electrodes, often modified with materials such as nanoparticles or conducting polymers, have been used for the highly sensitive analysis of antidiabetic drugs. The presented assays allow us to determine the compounds of interest in various samples, such as pharmaceutical products or different human bodily fluids.
“…According to data from the literature, the most popular MET voltametric sensors are composed of a carbon paste electrode (CPE). Significant improvements in the selectivity and selectivity of CPEs have been achieved through the introduction of various kinds of nanomaterials, such as Fe-Cu/TiO2 [77], copper(II)-loaded activated charcoal [78], γ-Fe2O3@ hydrohyapatite/Cu(II) magnetic nanocomposites [79], sized mesoporous silica materials functionalized by copper ion [80], pyrogallol [81], molecular wires containing copper(II) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes [82], copper-graphene nanocomposites [83] and nickel oxide nanotube/carbon microparticle/Nafion composites [75]. Most of these constructions are based on the utilization of materials containing copper, which reacts with metformin, forming The worldwide consumption of metformin has resulted in the development of many electrochemical methods for its sensitive and selective determination in pharmaceuticals, biological fluids and environmental samples (Table 7).…”
This article presents the current state of knowledge regarding electrochemical methods for determining the active substances within drugs that are used in the treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Electrochemical methods of analysis, due to their sensitivity and easiness, are a great alternative to other, usually more expensive analytical assays. The determination of active substances mentioned in this review is based on oxidation or reduction processes on the surface of the working electrode. A wide variety of working electrodes, often modified with materials such as nanoparticles or conducting polymers, have been used for the highly sensitive analysis of antidiabetic drugs. The presented assays allow us to determine the compounds of interest in various samples, such as pharmaceutical products or different human bodily fluids.
“…Electrochemical methods of analysis have shown to be accurate, sensitive and cost‐effective . Various electrochemical methods are available for the analysis of TRH either individually or in combination .…”
Novel insights into the strategy of highly precise, carbon‐based electrochemical sensors are presented by exploring the excellent properties of graphene oxide (GO) and multiwalled carbon nanotube composites (GO‐MWCNTs/CPE) for the sensitive determination of tramadol hydrochloride (TRH). Cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, chronoamperometry (CA), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) scanning electron microscopy, and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were used to characterize the properties of the sensor. The linear response obtained for TRH using the GO‐MWCNTs/CPE was found to be over the range of 2.0x10−9 to 1.1x10−3 M with a good linearity and high correlation (0.9996). The limits of detection and quantification were found to be 1.50x10−10 M and 4.99 x 10−10 M, respectively. The proposed sensor was applied for determination of TRH in the presence of presence of co‐formulated drugs ketorolac tromethamine (KTM) and paracetamol (PAR). The sensor was shown to successfully apply to the determination of TRH in plasma as real samples. Satisfactory recoveries of TRH from samples clearly revealed that the proposed sensor can be applied into clinical analysis, quality control and a routine determination of drugs in pharmaceutical formulations.
“…Many methods, such as spectrophotometric [6,10,11], voltammetric [12], chromatographic (e.g., HPLC) [13], and electrochemical [14] methods, have been reported for the detection and quantification of MFH. Among these techniques, the specificity, sensitivity, operational simplicity, and ease of sample preparation render fluorescence-based techniques the most promising and attractive for sensing different analytes.…”
In this study, a fluorescence sensor based on nitrogen and phosphorus co-doped carbon dot/silver nanoparticle (NPCD/AgNP) nanocomposites was developed for metformin hydrochloride (MFH) detection. We first utilized the reducing nature of the NPCDs to prepare AgNPs from Ag+ and subsequently prepare NPCD/AgNP nanocomposites. The nanocomposite material was characterized by various methods, including electron microscopic methods (SEM and TEM), spectroscopic methods (UV-Vis, PL, FTIR, and XPS spectroscopy), light scattering (ELS), and XRD. Further, we utilized the enhanced fluorescence of the NPCDs as well as the overlap between the fluorescence emission spectrum of the NPCDs and the absorption spectrum of the AgNPs to use the NPCD/AgNP nanocomposites as an effective inner filter effect (IFE) pair for sensing MFH. The IFE between NPCDs and AgNPs in the nanocomposite material resulted in a significant quenching of the fluorescence intensity of the nanocomposites compared to that of the pure NPCDs. However, the fluorescence was recovered when MFH was introduced into the nanocomposite solution. The fluorescence intensity of the nanocomposites increased linearly as the MFH concentration increased from 2 to 100 µg/L. This detection method showed good sensitivity compared to other methods. It also showed high selectivity and high sensing potential for MFH in human serum and yielded acceptable results.
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