Highly Selective Sensing Platform Utilizing Graphene Oxide and Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes for the Sensitive Determination of Tramadol in the Presence of Co‐Formulated Drugs

Abstract

Novel insights into the strategy of highly precise, carbon‐based electrochemical sensors are presented by exploring the excellent properties of graphene oxide (GO) and multiwalled carbon nanotube composites (GO‐MWCNTs/CPE) for the sensitive determination of tramadol hydrochloride (TRH). Cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, chronoamperometry (CA), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) scanning electron microscopy, and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) techniques were used to characterize the properties of the sensor. The linear response obtained for TRH using the GO‐MWCNTs/CPE was found to be over the range of 2.0x10−9 to 1.1x10−3 M with a good linearity and high correlation (0.9996). The limits of detection and quantification were found to be 1.50x10−10 M and 4.99 x 10−10 M, respectively. The proposed sensor was applied for determination of TRH in the presence of presence of co‐formulated drugs ketorolac tromethamine (KTM) and paracetamol (PAR). The sensor was shown to successfully apply to the determination of TRH in plasma as real samples. Satisfactory recoveries of TRH from samples clearly revealed that the proposed sensor can be applied into clinical analysis, quality control and a routine determination of drugs in pharmaceutical formulations.

Graphite/Nanocrystalline Zeolite Platform for Selective Electrochemical Determination of Hepatitis C Inhibitor Ledipasvir

“…Carbon paste electrodes (CPE) have been widely applied in the field of electrochemistry for the determination of low analyte concentrations due to their ease of fabrication, low cost and high sensitivity . Recently, to improve the sensitivity, selectivity, detection limit and other features of CPE, chemically modified carbon paste electrodes have been used . The operation mechanism of such modified electrodes depends on the properties of the modifier materials used to impart selectivity and sensitivity towards the target species .…”

Incorporation of Tetrazolium Blue (TB)/Gold Nanoparticles (GNPs) into Carbon Paste Electrode: Application as an Electrochemical Sensor for the Sensitive and Selective Determination of Sotalol in Micellar Medium

“…Carbon Paste Electrodes (CPE) were prepared using the procedure reported in our previous work . Accordingly, a few drops of paraffin oil mixed with graphite powder (0.5 g) are mixed until homogeneous using a pestle and mortar.…”

Interpol review of controlled substances 2016–2019

“…Tramadol: 2016 Potentiometric selective electrodes designed for the electrochemical determination of tramadol hydrochloride in bulk, Pharmaceutical formulations (also applied to plasma and urine) [ 487 ]; cyclic voltammetry for the determination of tramadol (also paracetamol and caffeine) [ 488 ]; RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous analysis of tramadol hydrochloride and dicyclomine in bulk and tablet dosage form [ 489 ]; all-solid-state ion selective electrode for the determination of Tramadol Hydrochloride [ 490 ]; electrochemical sensor fabricated based on a glassy carbon electrode for determination of tramadol in pharmaceutical and biological samples [ 491 ]; all solid state polymeric membrane electrode for analysis of tramadol hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations [ 492 ]; UV spectrophotometric method for simultaneous determination of paracetamol and tramadol in paracetamol-tramadol tablets [ 493 ]; formulation and dissolution kinetics study of hydrophilic matrix tablets with tramadol hydrochloride and different co-processed dry binders as possible controlled release formulations [ 494 ]; colorimetric method for estimation of tramadol hydrochloride in pure and tablet dosage forms [ 495 ]; predictive pharmacokinetics of tramadol hydrochloride floating tablets [ 496 ]; 2017 electrochemical imprinted sensor for determination of tramadol by combination of a functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes and a thin molecularly imprinted film [ 497 ]; RP-HPLC method for simultaneous quantitation of tramadol and aceclofenac [ 498 ]; voltammetric determination of tramadol [ 499 ]; electrochemical determination of tramadol and paracetamol [ 500 ]; review article on tramadol [ 501 ]; electrochemical sensors for the determination of tramadol hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations [ 502 ]; glassy carbon electrode for determination of warfarin and tramadol in pharmaceutical compounds [ 503 ]; anisotropic (spherical/hexagon/cube) silver nanoparticle embedded magnetic carbon nanosphere as platform for designing of tramadol imprinted polymer [ 504 ]; synthesis of phosphorylated derivatives of cis-tramadol and analysis by IR, NMR (H-1, C-13, P-31), mass spectra, and C, H, N [ 505 ]; development of controlled release matrix tablets of tramadol [ 506 ]; enantiomeric separation of tramadol by LC with fluorescence detection [ 507 ]; 2018 LC-MS/MS Quantification of Tramadol and Gabapentin Utilizing Solid Phase Extraction [ 508 ]; liquid-liquid microextraction combined with GC-FID for the quantification of methadone and tramadol [ 509 ]; sensor for the determination of tramadol in pharmaceutical and biological samples [ 510 ]; 15-year overview of increasing tramadol utilization and the impact of tramadol classificat...…”