Incorporation of Tetrazolium Blue (TB)/Gold Nanoparticles (GNPs) into Carbon Paste Electrode: Application as an Electrochemical Sensor for the Sensitive and Selective Determination of Sotalol in Micellar Medium

Abstract

The electrochemical oxidation of Sotalol (SOT) based on Tetrazolium Blue (TB)/gold nanoparticles (GNPs)‐modified carbon paste electrodes (CPE) have been studied in the presence of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS). Cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), chronoamperometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques have all been utilized within this study. GNPs and TB have a synergetic effect‐giving rise to highly improved electrochemical responses and provide an advantageous platform for the basis of an electrochemical sensor with excellent performance. The experimental parameters, electrodeposition time, pH and scan rate have all been examined and optimized. The sensing of SOT via DPV is found to exhibit a wide linear dynamic range of 1.0×10−7–7.5×10−4 M in pH 2. LOD and LOQ were calculated and found to correspond to 2.5×10−8 M and 8.3×10−8 M, respectively. The suggested sensor has been used successfully for SOT determination in pharmaceutical samples and human urine as real samples. Satisfactory recoveries of analyte from these samples are demonstrated indicating that the suggested sensor is highly suitable for clinical analysis, quality control and a routine determination of SOT in pharmaceutical formulations.

A facile nano-iron oxide sensor for the electrochemical detection of the anti-diabetic drug linagliptin in the presence of glucose and metformin

“…C refers to the capacitance; R is the resistance, and Z w is the Warburg component related to diffusion (Bard et al 1980). Generally, the data shows that upon the addition of 15% Fe 2 O 3 NPs the oxidation of LG gives lower impedance value (highest conductivity) and highest diffusion process (W = 41.7 Ω cm 2 s −1/2 ) compared to W = 37.1 Ω cm 2 s −1/2 for the bare CPE, due to large surface area Fekry 2017a, 2017b;Mohamed et al 2017) that NPs provide giving a nano-environment with high electron communication features for the electrochemical detection of LG with fast and good capacity which progress the direct electron movement between the active sites of NPs and LG. The same result was obtained in the SWV of 1.0 mM LG (inset), in which it was clear that the highest anodic peak current was achieved when 15% Fe 2 O 3 NPs was used.…”

Covalent Bonded Graphene/Neutral Red Nanocomposite Prepared by One‐step Electrochemical Method and its Electrocatalytic Properties Toward Uric Acid

“…Several methods have been developed to detect UA, such as spectrophoto‐metric method, surface plasmon resonance, capillary electrophoresis and electrochemical methods. Among them, electrochemical methods of analysis have shown to be accurate, sensitive and cost‐effective so that it will be adopted by the present study. Here, we demonstrate a facile electrochemical approach which can directly deposit covalent bonded Graphene/Neutral Red composite on GCE surface in one step.…”

Hyphenation of field‐amplified sample injection and transient isotachophoresis in CE for the determination of sotalol and metoprolol in human urine samples

“…The results of the analysis were compared with those from other methods. The LODs and LOQs of Sot and Met for standard samples (or urine samples) were lower than those obtained via colorimetry [4], spectrophotometry [5], ECD [6,7], HPLC‐photodiode array UV [14], HPLC‐ECL [15], CE‐UV [16], CE‐ECD [17], and CE‐ECL [18], but higher than those obtained via GC‐MS [8], HPLC‐MS/MS [9,10] HPLC‐fluorescence [12], HPLC‐UV [13], and CE‐LIF [19]. Wide linear ranges were obtained using most methods.…”

“…Owing to the widespread use of Sot and Met, several separation and detection techniques have been developed in the past decade for their analysis. These include colorimetry [4], spectrophotometry [5], electrochemical detection (ECD) [6,7], GC‐MS [8], HPLC methods with MS/MS [9–11], fluorescence [12], UV [13,14], and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection [15]. Additionally, CE‐UV [16], CE‐ECD [17], CE‐ECL [18], and CE‐LIF detection [19] has been established.…”