Volcanic architecture in the Odiel river area and the volcanic environment in the Riotinto–Nerva Unit, Iberian Pyrite Belt, Spain

Volcanic and sedimentary facies of the Huka Group arc-basin sequence, Wairakei–Tauhara Geothermal Field, New Zealand

“…Both vent sources typically produce texturally and compositionally similar deposits (Freundt 2003;Allen et al 2012). However, recent advances in the field of subaqueous volcanism has markedly improved our understanding in recognising these subtle diagnostic features (Allen & McPhie 2009;Rosa et al 2009Rosa et al , 2010Shane & Wright 2011;Valenzuela et al 2011;Allen et al 2012;Schindlbeck et al 2013;Jutzeler et al 2014). Although when the examined samples are small (e.g.…”

“…Lavas and volcaniclastic material filling these depocentres may be transported from subaerial vents into lakes hosted by these basins (Cas & Wright 1991;Freundt 2003;Allen et al 2012;Jutzeler et al 2014), or are otherwise directly emplaced in a lake when erupted subaqueously (Busby-Spera 1986; Allen & McPhie 2009;Valenzuela et al 2011;Downs et al in press). Use of facies analysis on abundant drill samples, or detailed outcrop studies of uplifted deposits, is a necessary approach to understand ancient depositional processes and paleo-environments in volcanic-arc settings (e.g.…”

Facies architecture and palaeoenvironmental constraints of subaqueous felsic volcanism in the Iberian Pyrite Belt: The Paymogo Volcano-Sedimentary Alignment

“…Felsic igneous rocks of the VSC range from dacite to high-silica rhyolite (Routhier et al, 1978;Mitjavila et al, 1997;Thiéblemont et al, 1998;Valenzuela et al, 2011a); whereas mafic rocks are tholeiitic to alkaline basalts (Munhá, 1983;Fernández Martín et al, 1996;Mitjavila et al, 1997;Thiéblemont et al, 1998). Coherent felsic lithofacies have been interpreted as lava flows (Routhier et al, 1978;Soriano and Marti, 1999;Rosa et al, 2008Rosa et al, , 2010Valenzuela et al, 2011b), sills or (crypto-) dome complexes (Boulter, 1993a(Boulter, , 1993bValenzuela et al, 2001;Donaire et al, 2002;Valenzuela et al, 2011b); whereas coherent mafic lithofacies appear as pillow lavas (García Palomero, 1980;Munhá, 1983;Almodóvar et al, 1998;Valenzuela et al, 2011b), stocks or basaltic sills (Boulter, 1993a;Soriano and Marti, 1999;Boulter et al, 2004). Volcaniclastic deposits are considered as cold, syn-eruptive subaqueous gravity flows (Soriano and Marti, 1999;Donaire et al, 2001;Rosa, 2007;Valenzuela et al, 2011b) or as pyroclastic deposits (Valenzuela et al, 2003;Rosa et al, 2010;Valenzuela et al, 2011b).…”

“…Coherent felsic lithofacies have been interpreted as lava flows (Routhier et al, 1978;Soriano and Marti, 1999;Rosa et al, 2008Rosa et al, , 2010Valenzuela et al, 2011b), sills or (crypto-) dome complexes (Boulter, 1993a(Boulter, , 1993bValenzuela et al, 2001;Donaire et al, 2002;Valenzuela et al, 2011b); whereas coherent mafic lithofacies appear as pillow lavas (García Palomero, 1980;Munhá, 1983;Almodóvar et al, 1998;Valenzuela et al, 2011b), stocks or basaltic sills (Boulter, 1993a;Soriano and Marti, 1999;Boulter et al, 2004). Volcaniclastic deposits are considered as cold, syn-eruptive subaqueous gravity flows (Soriano and Marti, 1999;Donaire et al, 2001;Rosa, 2007;Valenzuela et al, 2011b) or as pyroclastic deposits (Valenzuela et al, 2003;Rosa et al, 2010;Valenzuela et al, 2011b). Rosa et al (2010) suggest that felsic volcanic centres are similar to submarine felsic "domecryptodome-tuff volcanoes" (Kokelaar et al, 1985;Cas et al, 1990;Allen et al, 1997).…”

“…In some of the earlier, VHMS deposits are spatially related to thick black shale packages with minor felsic volcanic rocks. In upper Tournaisian deposits, the stratigraphic column is largely constituted by volcanic rocks with minor black shale horizons, in cases older than mineralization (Routhier et al, 1978;Barriga et al, 1997;Valenzuela et al, 2011aValenzuela et al, , 2011b. Within the volcanic centres, the feeder zones were preferentially developed in the breccia zones due to their high permeability, which favoured the circulation of hydrothermal fluids (Inverno et al, 2015).…”