Volatiles and Antifungal-Antibacterial-Antiviral Activity of South African Salvia spp. Essential Oils Cultivated in Uniform Conditions

Abstract

Spontaneous emissions of S. dentata Aiton and S. scabra Thunb., as well as the essential oil (EO) composition of the cited species, together with S. aurea L., were investigated. The chemical profile of the first two species is reported here for the first time. Moreover, in vitro tests were performed to evaluate the antifungal activity of these EOs on Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Microsporum canis, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, and Fusarium solani. Secondly, the EO antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus pseudointermedius was examined, and their antiviral efficacy against the H1N1 influenza virus was assessed. Leaf volatile organic compounds (VOCs), as well as the EOs obtained from the arial part of Salvia scabra, were characterized by a high percentage of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (97.8% and 76.6%, respectively), mostly represented by an equal amount of germacrene D (32.8% and 32.7%, respectively). Both leaf and flower spontaneous emissions of S. dentata, as well as the EO composition, showed a prevalence of monoterpenes divided into a more or less equal amount of hydrocarbon and oxygenated compounds. Interestingly, its EO had a non-negligible percentage of oxygenated sesquiterpenes (29.5%). S. aurea EO, on the contrary, was rich in sesquiterpenes, both hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds (41.5% and 33.5%, respectively). S. dentata EO showed good efficacy (Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC): 0.5%) against M. canis. The tested EOs were not active against E. coli and S. aureus, whereas a low inhibition of S. dentata EO was observed on S. pseudointermedius (MIC = 10%). Once again, S. dentata EO showed a very good H1N1 inhibition; contrariwise, S. aurea EO was completely inactive against this virus. The low quantity of S. scabra EO made it impossible to test its biological activity. S. dentata EO exhibited interesting new perspectives for medicinal and industrial uses.

Activity of Chloroformic Extract from Salvia connivens (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) and Its Principal Compounds against Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

“…There is evidence that nonanal is present as a metabolite in other species from the Salvia genus. For instance, 0.1% of the relative concentration percentage of nonanal was detected in Salvia scabra essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger apparatus [30]. Another example of Salvia taxa with nonanal in the essential oil is Salvia argentea, which contained 0.8% [31].…”

Therapeutic benefits of Salvia species: A focus on cancer and viral infection

“…Specifically, methanol extracts of S. sclarea and S. cedronel reduced H7N7/H3N2 influenza virus strains-induced cytopathy on Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells [ 102 , 107 ]. Similarly, recent studies reported that the methanol extract of S. plebeian and the essential oil from S. dentate inhibit the H1N1 strain of influenza virus (reducing plaque formation by 93% at 11.18 mM) [ 16 , 106 ]. Moreover, characterization of essential oils fraction of Salvia sclarea flower identified β–myrcene, linalool, α–terpineol, cinnamaldehyde, linalyl acetate and geranyl acetate as the major component which was responsible for the 52% higher H1N1-CPE inhibition compared to the standard drug, oseltamivir [ 108 ].…”

“… Salvia species Virus Cell culture, Study model Assay Duration of treatment/Incubation time Activities (IC 50 /EC 50 ) References Salvia cyanescens Boiss. & Balansa HSV-1 PI- 3 MDBK and Vero cell lines cytopathogenic effect (CPE) concentrations 48 h 16–1.0 mg/ml against both HSV-1 and PI-3 [ 101 ] Salvia dentata H1N1 MDCK cells plaque reduction assay (PRA) 108 h 93% [ 16 ] Salvia microstegia Boiss. & Balansa HSV-1 PI- 3 MDBK and Vero cell lines cytopathogenic effect (CPE) concentrations 48 h 16–1.0 mg/ml against both HSV-1 and PI-3 [ 101 ] Salvia cedronella Boiss H7N7, H3N2,HSV-1 & HSV-2 MDCK and MDBK cells Cytopathogenic effect (CPE) reduction assay 24 h 0.30 mg/ml (H7N7), 0.60 mg/ml (H3N2), 0.60 mg/ml (HSV-1) & 0.50 mg/ml (HSV-2) [ 107 ] Salvia desoleana Atzei Acyclovir sensitive (AS) and Acyclovir resistant (AR) strains HSV-2 Vero, (ATCC CCL-81), the epithelial cell lines Hep-2 (ATCC CCL-23) and A549 (ATCC CCL-185) HSV inhibition assay Tim of Addition Assay Virus inactivation assay 2 h 23.72 μg/ml (AS) 28.57 μg/ml (AR) [ 104 ] Salvia fructicosa Mill.…”

“…among others are applied in treating many kinds of tumors and cancers [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. Among these plants, species belonging to the genus Salvia appear to stand out due to their reservoir of many chemicals with cytotoxic properties against cancer cells, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capabilities [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. The genus Salvia belong to Lamiaceae - a family of mint flowering plant that is composed of over 230 genera and 7000 plant species.…”

Uncommon Terpenoids from Salvia Species: Chemistry, Biosynthesis and Biological Activities

“…[ 38 ], S. officinalis [ 39 ], S. dentata Aiton, S. scabra Thunb. [ 40 ]); and antimicrobial ( S. euphratica Montbret, S. kornenburgii Rech. f. [ 41 ], and S. chamaedryoides [ 42 ]).…”