Activity of Chloroformic Extract from Salvia connivens (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) and Its Principal Compounds against Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Abstract

Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is one of the most damaging pests in maize crops. In order to manage it, synthetic insecticides such as diamides, neonicotinoids, and pyrethroids are used, but they present a risk for humans and the environment. Investigations of safer alternatives include the use of natural extracts. Thus, this research evaluated the effects of chloroform extract (CHCl3Sc) (5000, 4000, 2000, 1000, and 500 ppm) on aerial parts of Salvia connivens and of nonanal and pyrocatechol (1000, 600, 400, and 80 ppm) on S. frugiperda mortality, duration of the larva and pupae phases, and pupae weight after 24 h. The second instars of S. frugiperda larvae were fed an artificial diet incorporating the extract and compounds. The CHCl3Sc had insecticidal activity against S. frugiperda, showing an LC50 of 1504 ppm. Insectistatic activity began at 1000 ppm, increasing pupal and larval duration in 7.6 and 1.4 days, respectively. Pyrocatechol and nonanal were found in this extract. The first did not have any significant difference in larval or pupal mortalities. On the other hand, insectistatic activity was shown at 500 ppm, increasing the larval duration by 1.7 days compared with the control. In the case of nonanal, the insecticide activity was LC50 of 200 ppm, and insectistatic activity started at 80 ppm, increasing larval duration by 3.2 days compared with the control and reducing pupal weight by 3.4%. The results show that chloroformic extract had insecticidal and insectistatic activities against S. frugiperda; nonanal was an aldehyde compound present in this extract, which confers insecticidal and insectistatic activities against this pest.

Perceptual Effects of Walnut Volatiles on the Codling Moth

“…Walnut fruits contain high relative levels of nonanal and methyl salicylate, which have been shown to elicit the EAG response in codling moths in previous studies [ 25 ] and also showed strong attraction to females according to the olfactory behavior bioassay in this study. Nonanal is attractive to many Lepidoptera [ 39 , 40 ], which also specifically attracts females of Helicoverpa assulta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) [ 41 , 42 ] and enables codling moth larvae to aggregate [ 43 ]. Methyl salicylate is widespread in many plants and is a metabolite associated with the salicylic acid pathway.…”

Activity of Methanolic and Hydrolyzed Methanolic Extracts of Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae) and Kaempferol against Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

“…These were chosen after completing the logarithmic bioassay. The selection criteria were the minimum and maximum biological response and then three concentrations were selected between them, and they were: 5000, 4000, 2000, 1000, 500, and 0 ppm, according to our previous studies [35,36], adding each concentration during the preparation of the artificial diet for S. frugiperda. To carry out the test, 20 #0 polyethylene PRIMO brand cups (Ecatepec, Mexico) were used, in which a piece of the food with an approximate volume of 1 cm 3 containing the corresponding concentration of each extract of R. communis was placed.…”