Volatile sulfur compounds in mouth air from clinically healthy subjects and patients with periodontal disease

Abstract

Volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) in mouth air were estimated by gas chromatography. The amount of VSC and the methyl mercaptan/hydrogen sulfide ratio were significantly increased in patients with periodontal disease. These two parameters also increased in proportion to the bleeding index and probing depth. A study was also done on the effect of removal of tongue coating on VSC concentrations in mouth air from patients with periodontal involvement. VSC and the methyl mercaptan/hydrogen sulfide ratio were reduced to 49% and 35%, respectively, by removal of the tongue coating. The average amount of tongue coating removed from patients with periodontal disease was significantly higher than from controls (90.1 mg vs. 14.6 mg, p less than 0.01). Estimated production of VSC from tongue coating was 4 times higher than the control value, and the methyl mercaptan/hydrogen sulfide ratio was also markedly increased. However, a saliva putrefaction study suggested that saliva does not contribute to the elevated ratio of methyl mercaptan in mouth air. These results strongly suggest that, in addition to periodontal pockets, tongue coating has an important role in VSC production, in particular leading to an elevated concentration of methyl mercaptan, which is more pathogenic than hydrogen sulfide.

Effects of self-ligating and conventional brackets on halitosis and periodontal conditions

“…17 Previous studies indicated that increase in tongue coating and periodontal diseases were two major halitosis-inducing factors by creating areas allowing the overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria. [18][19][20] For this reason, in this study patients were instructed to brush both teeth and tongue.…”

Effects of French Pine Bark Extract Chewing Gum on Oral Malodor and Salivary Bacteria

“…Volatile sulfur compounds are primarily produced through the putrefactive activity of bacteria present in saliva, in periodontal pockets, on the tongue surface, and in other areas (1,(3)(4)(5). In particular, the tongue dorsum has been implicated as a major cause for oral malodor (5).…”

“…The etiology of malodor comprises insufficient saliva flow, periodontal diseases, excessive microbial colonization of the tongue and poor oral hygiene (1)(2)(3). Malodorous volatile sulfur compounds originate from putrefactive activity of microorganisms in oral cavities, saliva, and periodontal pockets and on the tongue surface (1,4,5). Among the large number of bacterial species populating the oral cavity, Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria, including Porphyromonas spp., Veillonella spp., Prevotella spp., Fusobacterium spp., Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola represent the microorganisms predominantly involved in VSC generation (6)(7)(8).…”

Sınırlı Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Popülasyonunda Sosyodemografik Yapı ve Sigara Kullanımının Ağız Kokusu Üzerine Etkisinin Değerlendirilmesi

“…[18][19][20][21][22] Ağız gargaralarının çoğunda bulunan kimyasal antimikrobiyal ajanlar VSB değerlerinde bir miktar azalma sağlasalar da 23 belirgin etki mekanik dil temizliği sonrasında sağlanmaktadır. 22,24 Sigara kullanımı kendine has yoğun kokusuyla ağız kokusu oluşturmakla birlikte 4 dolaylı olarak ağız ortamında meydana getirdikleri değişiklikler nedeniyle de halitozis oluşumunda etkilidir. Sigara içenlerde gingivitis ve periodontitisin daha şiddetli olduğu pek çok araştırıcı tarafından rapor edilmiştir.…”