Volatile organic compounds and formaldehyde in nature, wood and wood based panels

Roffael, E.

doi:10.1007/s00107-005-0061-0

Cited by 128 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The solid wood is believed to emit formaldehyde that occurs naturally and it exhibited pH in the acidic level. [21][22][23][24] Wood veneers that are more acidic, when bonded to form plywood, tend to emit a lower amount of formaldehyde. In contrast, less acidic wood substrates retard the adhesive cure rate, which tends to deteriorate the bond integrity of plywood and enhances its formaldehyde emission, especially in the presence of water.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integration of Headspace Solid Phase Micro-Extraction with Gas Chromatography for Quantitative Analysis of Formaldehyde

Lo¹,

Yung

2013

Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society

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A study was carried out to evaluate the solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) for formaldehyde emission analysis of uncoated plywood. In SPME, formaldehyde was on-fiber derivatized through headspace extraction and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The SPME was compared with desiccators (DC-JAS 233), small-scale chamber (SSC-ASTM D6007) and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE-EPA 556) methods which were performed in accordance with their respective standards. Compared to SSC (RSD 4.3%) and LLE (RSD 5.0%), the SPME method showed better repeatability (RSD 1.8%) and not much difference from DC (RSD 1.4%). The SPME has proven to be highly precise (at 95% confidence level) with better recovery (REC 102%). Validation of the SPME method for formaldehyde quantitative analysis was evidenced. In addition, the SPME by air sampling directly from plywood specimens (SPME-W) correlated best with DC (r 2 = 0.983), followed by LLE (r 2 = 0.950) and SSC (r 2 = 0.935).

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integration of Headspace Solid Phase Micro-Extraction with Gas Chromatography for Quantitative Analysis of Formaldehyde

Lo¹,

Yung

2013

Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society

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“…One of the advantages of phenolic resins as compared to urea-formaldehyde or melamine-urea-formaldehyde resins is a very low emission of formaldehyde in service due to the high number of stable methylene bridges between the aromatic nuclei and the low number of residual methylol (-CH 2 -OH) groups after hardening (Dunky 2003;Roffael 2006). Methylene bridges (melamine-NH-CH 2 -NHmelamine) are described as being more stable than ether bridges (melamine-NH-CH 2 -O-CH 2 -NH-melamine) between melamine molecules (Blank 1979;Scheepers et al 1993;Aarts et al 1995).…”

Section: Formaldehyde Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modification of beech veneers with N-methylol-melamine compounds for the production of plywood

2011

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Rotary cut beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) veneers were treated with two formulations based on N -methylolmelamine (NMM): (1) NMM solution (NMM-1, 10% solid content), (2) fatty acid modified NMM dispersions containing paraffin (with an aluminium salt as catalyst, mNMM-2, 5% solid content). Five treated veneers were bonded with phenol formaldehyde (PF) adhesive to produce plywood in two different processes.The plywood treated with NMM-1 displayed increased shear strength in comparison to the controls, whereas the treatments with mNMM-2 diminished the shear strength of the plywood to different extents. Treatment with NMM-1 also enhanced other mechanical properties of the plywood as compared to water-treated control plywood such as Brinell hardness, modulus of elasticity and bending strength. The plywood treated with mNMM-2 showed only slight changes of these mechanical properties compared to the control plywood.The plywood specimens were subjected to cyclic water submersion and oven-drying. The treatment with mNMM-2 caused greater reduction in water uptake and thickness swelling than NMM-1; the degree of delamination depended on the process. The plywood treated with NMM-1 exhibited lower equilibrium moisture content than that treated with mNMM-2. The formaldehyde emission of NMM-1-treated plywood was much higher than that of the control and the mNMM-2-treated plywood. Das mit NMM-1 behandelte Sperrholz wies im Vergleich zu den Kontrollen eine erhöhte Scherfestigkeit auf, wäh-rend die Behandlung mit mNMM-2 die Scherfestigkeit des Sperrholzes in unterschiedlichem Ausmaß reduzierte. Die Behandlung mit NMM-1 erhöhte außerdem andere mechanische Eigenschaften wie die Brinellhärte, den Elastizitäts-modul und die Biegefestigkeit. Das mit mNMM-2 behandelte Sperrholz zeigte im Vergleich zum Kontrollsperrholz nur leichte Veränderungen der genannten mechanischen Eigenschaften.Die Sperrholzproben wurden einem zyklischen Test bestehend aus Tauchen in Wasser und Ofentrocknung unterzogen. Die Behandlung mit mNMM-2 verursachte eine stärke-re Abnahme der Wasseraufnahme und der Dickenquellung als NMM-1; der Grad der Delaminierung war dabei vom Prozess abhängig. Das mit NMM-1 behandelte Sperrholz zeigte eine niedrigere Gleichgewichtsfeuchte als das mit mNMM-2 behandelte. Die Formaldehydabgabe von NMM-1-behandeltem Sperrholz war sehr viel höher als die der Kontrolle und des mNMM-2-behandelten Sperrholzes. Eur.

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“…The authors' previous work (Böhm et 2012) showed that the formaldehyde emission from wood of P. sylvestris were 0.0053±0.0004 ppm and 0.016±0.002 mg/m 2 h as measured by EN 717-1 and EN 717-2, respectively. This amount is generated when the wood exposed to the manufacturing conditions of the panels, where the formaldehyde can by raised with the thermal degradation of wood polysaccharides (Roffael 1999;Schäfer and Roffael 2000;Salem and Böhm 2013).…”

Section: Formaldehyde Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some Physico-mechanical Characteristics of Uncoated OSB ECO-products Made from Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Bonded with pMDI Resin

et al. 2018

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Some mechanical and physical properties and the formaldehyde content of uncoated oriented strand boards (OSBs) that were made from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), manufactured with different thicknesses, and bonded with polymeric methylene di(phenyl isocyanate) (pMDI) resin were evaluated. All of the mechanical and physical properties were affected significantly by the OSB type (3 and 4) and thickness of the panels, except for the thickness swelling after 24 h and measured formaldehyde content. The measured mechanical and physical properties of the OSB panels satisfied the standard requirements. The densities of the panels ranged from 554.2 kg/m 3 to 580.2 kg/m 3 and from 573.8 kg/m 3 to 610.7 kg/m 3 for OSB/3 and OSB/4, respectively, which met the standard requirements. The measured mechanical and physical properties of the OSB/4 panels were higher than those of the OSB/3 panels, but there were no differences in the thickness swelling after 24 h and measured formaldehyde content. Low formaldehyde contents were found for OSB/3 (0.00 mg/100 g and 0.29 mg/100 g) and OSB/4 (0.18 mg/100 g and 0.47 mg/100 g).

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Volatile organic compounds and formaldehyde in nature, wood and wood based panels

Cited by 128 publications

References 6 publications

Integration of Headspace Solid Phase Micro-Extraction with Gas Chromatography for Quantitative Analysis of Formaldehyde

Integration of Headspace Solid Phase Micro-Extraction with Gas Chromatography for Quantitative Analysis of Formaldehyde

Modification of beech veneers with N-methylol-melamine compounds for the production of plywood

Some Physico-mechanical Characteristics of Uncoated OSB ECO-products Made from Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Bonded with pMDI Resin

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