Integration of Headspace Solid Phase Micro-Extraction with Gas Chromatography for Quantitative Analysis of Formaldehyde

Abstract

A study was carried out to evaluate the solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) for formaldehyde emission analysis of uncoated plywood. In SPME, formaldehyde was on-fiber derivatized through headspace extraction and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The SPME was compared with desiccators (DC-JAS 233), small-scale chamber (SSC-ASTM D6007) and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE-EPA 556) methods which were performed in accordance with their respective standards. Compared to SSC (RSD 4.3%) and LLE (RSD 5.0%), the SPME method showed better repeatability (RSD 1.8%) and not much difference from DC (RSD 1.4%). The SPME has proven to be highly precise (at 95% confidence level) with better recovery (REC 102%). Validation of the SPME method for formaldehyde quantitative analysis was evidenced. In addition, the SPME by air sampling directly from plywood specimens (SPME-W) correlated best with DC (r 2 = 0.983), followed by LLE (r 2 = 0.950) and SSC (r 2 = 0.935).

Determination of formaldehyde in hair creams by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry

“…The first attempts at GC-MS analysis of unreacted formaldehyde were in good accordance with earlier studies, [17][18][19] and indicated the need for derivatization. The reaction that forms formaldehyde-DNPH is shown in Scheme 1.…”

“…High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is the most widely applied method for the determination of formaldehyde. Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) is a versatile analytical technique and attempts have been made to apply GC‐MS to the determination of formaldehyde with limited success . Unfortunately, the thermal instability makes direct quantification of formaldehyde by GC‐MS difficult and the method is therefore prone to robustness issues.…”

“…Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is a versatile analytical technique and attempts have been made to apply GC-MS to the determination of formaldehyde with limited success. [17][18][19] Unfortunately, the thermal instability makes direct quantification of formaldehyde by GC-MS difficult and the method is therefore prone to robustness issues. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a GC-MS method for the quantification of formaldehyde in hair straightening creams using 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine as a derivatizing reagent.…”

Approaches to Formaldehyde Measurement: From Liquid Biological Samples to Cells and Organisms

“…The products of FA derivatization are usually recovered using liquid–liquid [ 55 ] or liquid–solid phase extraction methods [ 56 ], but these procedures greatly complicate the analysis. Therefore solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is the most convenient approach [ 57 , 58 ]. There are several approaches based on the joint usage of extraction and derivatization: the reaction could be performed in the working solution using headspace or liquid SPME [ 59 ] as well as derivatization on fiber [ 60 ].…”

Determination of formaldehyde in cosmetic creams using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis and solid‐phase microextraction

“…As a result, microextraction techniques have been extensively developed but not widely applied to cosmetic samples [17]. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) has been combined with GC to measure various analytes in extracts from cosmetic samples [18]. Using SPME to measure cosmetic fragrance does not always give quantitative results [19].…”