Volatile emissions and gas geochemistry of Hot Spring Basin, Yellowstone National Park, USA

Werner, C. A.; Hurwitz, Shaul; Evans, William C.; Lowenstern, Jacob B.; Bergfeld, D.; Heasler, Henry P.; Jaworowski, Cheryl; Hunt, Andrew G.

doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.09.016

Cited by 71 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Basin may have thermogenic CH 4 that has failed to re-equilibrate to the otherwise calculated high reservoir temperature (Werner et al, 2008). Addition of various endmembers of crustal gas is evident in Fig.…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In a series of papers, we've explored specific sites such as Hot Spring Basin (Werner et al, 2008), Brimstone Basin , Heart Lake Geyser Basin (Lowenstern et al, 2011), Mud Volcano (Evans et al, 2010), and more regional topics (Bergfeld et al, 2011Chiodini et al, 2012;Lowenstern et al, 2014). In this paper, we review current knowledge about gas sources within the crust and mantle, the relationship between geographically distinct thermal areas, and the movement of gas relative to waters in geothermal systems at Yellowstone.…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subsequent studies by Werner et al (2008), Lowenstern et al (2011), andBergfeld et al (2012) have explored the range of gas discharge at acid sulfate and other thermal areas throughout Yellowstone. Though they largely confirm the high discharge rates from Yellowstone, estimates of the total CO 2 discharge are still highly approximate.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Origins of geothermal gases at Yellowstone

Lowenstern

Bergfeld

Evans

et al. 2015

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

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Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Origins of geothermal gases at Yellowstone

Lowenstern

Bergfeld

Evans

et al. 2015

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

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“…Faults and fractures (NNW to NW, N-S, NE and ~E-W) traverse the Hot Spring Basin hydrothermal system and provide fracture permeability for gases [13]. Werner and others [22] quantified the magmatic, volatile emissions (CO 2 , He, H 2 , Ch 4 , and H 2 S) from this large acid-sulfate area and vapor-dominated hydrothermal system. They estimate a total, diffuse CO 2 emission of 410 ± 140 t·d −1 from Hot Spring Basin.…”

Section: Geographic and Geologic Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal and Seasonal Variations of the Hot Spring Basin Hydrothermal System, Yellowstone National Park, USA

et al. 2013

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Monitoring Yellowstone National Park's hydrothermal systems and establishing hydrothermal baselines are the main goals of an ongoing collaborative effort between Yellowstone National Park's Geology program and Utah State University's Remote Sensing Services Laboratory. During the first years of this research effort, improvements were made in image acquisition, processing and calibration. In 2007, a broad-band, forward looking infrared (FLIR) camera (8-12 microns) provided reliable airborne images for a hydrothermal baseline of the Hot Spring Basin hydrothermal system. From 2008 to 2011, night-time, airborne thermal infrared image acquisitions during September yielded temperature maps that established the temporal variability of the hydrothermal system. A March 2012 airborne image acquisition provided an initial assessment of seasonal variability. The consistent, high-spatial resolution imagery (~1 m) demonstrates that the technique is robust and repeatable for generating corrected (atmosphere and emissivity) and calibrated temperature maps of the Hot Spring Basin hydrothermal system. Atmospheric conditions before and at flight-time determine the usefulness of the thermal infrared imagery for geohydrologic applications, such as hydrothermal monitoring. Although these ground-surface temperature maps are easily understood, quantification of OPEN ACCESSRemote Sens. 2013, 5 6588 radiative heat from the Hot Spring Basin hydrothermal system is an estimate of the system's total energy output. Area is a key parameter for calculating the hydrothermal system's heat output. Preliminary heat calculations suggest a radiative heat output of ~56 MW to 62 MW for the central Hot Spring Basin hydrothermal system. Challenges still remain in removing the latent solar component within the calibrated, atmospherically adjusted, and emissivity corrected night-time imagery.

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“…background activity) during prolonged inter-eruptive phases, manifested as lowtemperature fumarolic emissions (Giggenbach et al 1990;Sturchio and Williams 1990;Giggenbach and Corrales Soto 1992;Sturchio et al 1993;Fischer et al 1997;Lewicki et al 2000;Rouwet et al 2009;Joseph et al 2011Joseph et al , 2013Chiodini et al 2012), diffuse CO 2 soil degassing and steaming ground (Cardellini et al 2003;Werner et al , 2008Bergfeld et al 2006Bergfeld et al , 2012Werner and Cardellini 2006;Lewicki et al 2007aLewicki et al , 2007bMazot et al 2011;Inguaggiato et al 2012;Lewicki and Hilley 2014), thermal spring discharges Taran and Peiffer 2009), low-activity crater lakes (Pasternack and Varekamp 1997; A volcano is in a stage of magmatic unrest if volcanic unrest is caused by the migration from a magma reservoir (left), which we are able to recognize as such. If we cannot recognize magma migration (regardless whether it migrates or not), but concern remains high for any other reason, the volcano will be in a state of non-magmatic unrest (right).…”

Section: Non-magmatic Hydrothermal Unrestmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recognizing and tracking volcanic hazards related to non-magmatic unrest: a review

et al. 2014

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Eruption forecasting is a major goal in volcanology. Logically, but unfortunately, forecasting hazards related to non-magmatic unrest is too often overshadowed by eruption forecasting, although many volcanoes often pass through states of non-eruptive and non-magmatic unrest for various and prolonged periods of time. Volcanic hazards related to non-magmatic unrest can be highly violent and/or destructive (e.g., phreatic eruptions, secondary lahars), can lead into magmatic and eventually eruptive unrest, and can be more difficult to forecast than magmatic unrest, for various reasons. The duration of a state of non-magmatic unrest and the cause, type and locus of hazardous events can be highly variable. Moreover, non-magmatic hazards can be related to factors external to the volcano (e.g., climate, earthquake). So far, monitoring networks are often limited to the usual seismic-ground deformation-gas network, whereas recognizing indicators for non-magmatic unrest requires additional approaches. In this study we summarize non-magmatic unrest processes and potential indicators for related hazards. We propose an event-tree to classify non-magmatic unrest, which aims to cover all major hazardous outcomes. This structure could become useful for future probabilistic non-magmatic hazard assessments, and might reveal clues for future monitoring strategies.

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Volatile emissions and gas geochemistry of Hot Spring Basin, Yellowstone National Park, USA

Cited by 71 publications

References 28 publications

Origins of geothermal gases at Yellowstone

Origins of geothermal gases at Yellowstone

Temporal and Seasonal Variations of the Hot Spring Basin Hydrothermal System, Yellowstone National Park, USA

Recognizing and tracking volcanic hazards related to non-magmatic unrest: a review

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