Volatile components of the leaves of various avocado cultivars

Volatile components of avocado leaves (Persea americana mill) from the Mexican race

“…The major compounds are estra-go1 (78.12%), a-cubebene (3-58%), methyl eugenol (3.37%), fl-caryophyllene (2.10%), which account for more than 87% of the oil. Thirty compounds were identified and 22 of them are in agreement with the previous report on the essential oil of the avocado leaves of the Mexican race grown in Florida (King and Knight 1992). As observed by previous workers (King and Knight 1992) the presence of estragol as the major component confirms the Mexican race to be distinct from the others races of avocado.…”

“…Subsequent processing was carried out on a SUN 360 computer using Kratos Mach3 software. The components were identified by comparing retention indices with those from authentic compounds, with published data (Jennings and Shibamoto 1980;Brophy et a1 1989;Davies 1990;King and Knight 1992) and by spectral matching against the Wiley Spectral Library using the PBM algorithm (Stauffer et af 1985).…”

Identification of volatile compounds in cultivars barker, collinson, fortuna and geada of avocado (Persea americana, Mill.) fruit

“…Different superscript letters in the same row denote significant differences (p < 0.05); Standard deviation (SD) <0.01 is reported as 0.01 (n=3); + Compound detected but its area was less than 0.5%; ND: Not detected; * Tentative identification; 1 Reported in pulp of Australian hybrid cultivar "Sherwil" (Whitfield et al, 1980); 2 Reported in pulp of Mexican cultivar (Yamaguchi et al, 1983); 3 Reported in avocado leaves of Guatemalan and West Indian races (King & Knight, 1992); 4 Reported in pulp of fruit obtained from Israel (Sinyinda & Gramshaw, 1998); 5 Reported in pulp of California and Hass cultivars (Pino et al, 2000); 6 Reported in pulp of Mexican cultivar (Moreno et al, 2003); 7 Reported in pulp of Mexican cultivar (Lopez et al, 2004) Different superscript letters in the same row denote significant differences (p < 0.05); Standard deviation (SD) <0.01 is reported as 0.01 (n=3); + Compound detected but its area was less than 0.5%; ND: Not detected; * Tentative identification; 1 Reported in pulp of Australian hybrid cultivar "Sherwil" (Whitfield et al, 1980); 2 Reported in pulp of Mexican cultivar (Yamaguchi et al, 1983); 3 Reported in avocado leaves of Guatemalan and West Indian races (King & Knight, 1992); 4 Reported in pulp of fruit obtained from Israel (Sinyinda & Gramshaw, 1998); 5 Reported in pulp of California and Hass cultivars (Pino et al, 2000); 6 Reported in pulp of Mexican cultivar (Moreno et al, 2003); 7 Reported in pulp of Mexican cultivar (Lopez et al, 2004); 8 Reported in pulp of Moro cultivar from Cuba (Pino et al, 2004); 9 Reported in pulp of Fuerte cultivar from Egypt (El Mageed, 2007); 10 Reported in pulp of Hass cultivar from Mexico (Guzmán-Gerónimo et al, 2008); 11 Reported in oil of pulp of Australian cultivar (Haiyan et al, 2007); 12 Reported in pulp of Hass cultivar from Mexico (Dbenland et al, 2012); 13 Reported in pulp of West Indian cultivar from Florida, USA (Pereira et al, 2013). Among the identified components in all avocado cultivars were 27 alcohols, 13 aldehydes, 11 terpenes, 11 esters, 9 aromatics, 6 furans and 3 ketones.…”

“…Among them some important compounds from fruity/floral/sweet aroma standpoint are: 3-methyl-1-penten-3-ol (green, fruity), 2-octanol (floral), 1,2-propane-diol (sweet), nonanol (fruity), tridecanol (sweet-fruity), (E)-2-pentenal (fruity), isopropyl formate (sweet), isopropyl acetate (fruity), octyl acetate (fruity-floral, waxy), linalyl hexanoate (fruity), propyl dodecanoate (floral), 2-decanone (floral), acetophenone (sweet), p-methyl acetophenone while those with fatty/oily/waxy notes are: 2-propanol (bitter), 2-butanol (oily), 2-hexanol (fatty, fruity), 4-methyl-1-pentanol (oily), methyl dodecanoate (waxy, fatty). Different superscript letters in the same row denote significant differences (p < 0.05); Standard deviation (SD) <0.01 is reported as 0.01 (n=3); + Compound detected but its area was less than 0.5%; ND: Not detected; * Tentative identification; 1 Reported in pulp of Australian hybrid cultivar "Sherwil" (Whitfield et al, 1980); 2 Reported in pulp of Mexican cultivar (Yamaguchi et al, 1983); 3 Reported in avocado leaves of Guatemalan and West Indian races (King & Knight, 1992); 4 Reported in pulp of fruit obtained from Israel (Sinyinda & Gramshaw, 1998); 5 Reported in pulp of California and Hass cultivars (Pino et al, 2000); 6 Reported in pulp of Mexican cultivar (Moreno et al, 2003); 7 Reported in pulp of Mexican cultivar (Lopez et al, 2004); 8 Reported in pulp of Moro cultivar from Cuba (Pino et al, 2004); 9 Reported in pulp of Fuerte cultivar from Egypt (El Mageed, 2007); 10 Reported in pulp of Hass cultivar from Mexico (Guzmán-Gerónimo et al, 2008); 11 Reported in oil of pulp of Australian cultivar (Haiyan et al, 2007); 12 Reported in pulp of Hass cultivar from Mexico (Dbenland et al, 2012); 13 Reported in pulp of West Indian cultivar from Florida, USA (Pereira et al, 2013). …”

Different population densities and continuous feeding byOligonychus yothersi(McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae) affect the emissions of herbivore-induced plant volatiles on avocado (Persea americanaMill. cv. Hass) shoots under semi-field conditions

“…In respect to BVOCs emitted by avocado shoots, two studies have reported twenty-one compounds emitted by avocado leaves from Hass cultivar (King and Knight 1992; Bravo-Monzón and Espinosa-García 2008); nonetheless, this study identified ten compounds emitted by avocado Hass cultivar shoots, of which 3-hexanol, α-pinene, β-pinene, R-limonene and β-ocimene were also identified by these authors; however, those studies were performed using minced avocado leaves, where higher amounts of 3-hexanol, α-pinene and β-pinene were detected; this study, on its part, collected BVOCs from undamaged avocado shoots without removing the shoots from the plant. It is known that mechanically damaged plants change their BVOCs' emissions qualitatively, increasing the amounts of GLVs, aldehydes and terpenoids in comparison to undamaged plants (Raghava et al , finding similar compounds among their chemical profiles, but emitted at different amounts; and both monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes are usually emitted by leaves, petioles and branch from avocado plants (Niogret et al 2013).…”