“…The description of the wrongdoing, then, resembles personal narratives, which are found to favor the use of the present perfect (Labov and Waletsky, 1967;Givon, 1982;cf. for Spanish, Herná ndez, 2006; for Australian English, Ritz and Engel, 2008). As expected, a high incidence of the present perfect is found in these documents, and only in the description of the wrongdoing.…”