Vitamin D3-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers as a Potential Approach for Fortifying Food Beverages; in Vitro and in Vivo Evaluation

Abstract

Purpose: Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) composed of solid lipid and oil are a new generation of lipid nanoparticles which have exhibited some merits over traditional used lipid nanoparticles in fortifying food and beverages and nutraceuticals delivery systems such as liposomes and solid lipid nanoparticles.Methods: In this study, Precirol and Compritol as solid lipids, Miglyol and Octyloctanoat as liquid lipids, Tween80, Tween20 and Poloxamer407 as surfactants were used to prepare vitamin D3-loaded NLC dispersion using hot homogenization method. The particle size and size distribution for all formulations were evaluated by immediately after production and during a storage period of 60 days.Results: The Precirol-based NLC showed superiority over Compritol-based NLC in the point of physical stability. Results clearly suggested that an optimum concentration of 3% of Poloxamer407 or 2% of Tween20 was sufficient to cover the surface of nanoparticles effectively and prevent agglomeration during the homogenization process. Octyloctanoat was introduced for the first time as a good substituent for Miglyol in the preparation of NLC formulations. The vitamin D3 Intestinal absorption enhanced by the incorporating in NLCs.Conclusion: It was concluded that NLC showed a promising approach for fortifying beverages by lipophilic nutraceuticals such as vitamin D.

Encapsulation of vitamin D3 in gum arabic to enhance bioavailability and stability for beverage applications

“…In another similar study with VD 3 encapsulated by soy protein isolate‐carboxymethyl chitosan complexes, an EE of 84.46% and an LC of 6.06% were reported (Teng et al., 2013). Much higher EE of VD 3 was reported in other systems including fish oil nanoemulsion (EE% = 96.95%) (Walia, Dasgupta, Ranjan, Chen, & Ramalingam, 2017), nanostructured lipid carrier (EE% = 93%) (Mohammadi, Pezeshki, Abbasi, Ghanbarzadeh, & Hamishehkar, 2017), niosomes (EE% = 95.9%) (Wagner, Spoth, Kourkoutis, & Rizvi, 2016), and carboxymethyl chitosan hydrogel beads (EE% = 96.9%) (Luo et al., 2013). However, some studies may have limitations such as the aggregation of proteins in acidic beverages (Pedersen, Frislev, Pedersen, & Otzen, 2016), turbidity caused by emulsion droplets (Walia et al., 2017), decreased bioaccessibility after encapsulation (Tan et al., 2020), and label‐unfriendliness due to use of synthetic emulsifiers (Patel & San Martin‐Gonzalez, 2012).…”

Evaluation of the Influence of Process Parameters on the Properties of Resveratrol-Loaded NLC Using 22 Full Factorial Design

“…The main fatty acid is behenic acid (C 22 ) (>85%), but other fatty acids (C 16 –C 20 ) are also present [38]. Miglyol 812 ® is a medium chain triglyceride composed mainly of caprylic (C8:0; 50–80%) and capric (C10:0; 20–50%) fatty acids with a minor level of caproic (C6:0; ≤2%), lauric (C12:0; ≤3%), and myristic (C14:0; ≤1%) fatty acids [39].…”

Drug Delivery Systems for Vitamin D Supplementation and Therapy

“…In the studies of Mohammadi et al (2017), VD was incorporated into nanostructured lipid carriers (mean diameter of approximately 88 nm), and then the effect of rising 25(OH)D in rat blood was assessed. Nanoparticles demonstrated the faster and prolonged increase of 25(OH)D in plasma than the oily solution formulation of VD [43]. A different approach was proposed by Diarrassouba et al (2015).…”

“…Finally, as presented in Table 1, many other attempts were also carried out to improve water solubility, stability, and bioavailability of VD using different encapsulation strategies, like protein-based delivery systems [32,39,41], solid lipid [42] and nanostructured lipid carriers [43,44], liposomes [46], and microparticle [47]. Interestingly, most researchers underline the fact that VD is a vitamin sensitive to external factors.…”