Vitamin D in Toddlers, Preschool Children, and Adolescents

Taylor, Sarah N.

doi:10.1159/000505635

Cited by 45 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…On the one hand, researchers believe vitamin D bioavailability in obese individuals is decreased because of vitamin D deposition in body adipose tissue and altered expression levels of vitamin Dmetabolizing enzymes (2,7,17). Moreover, obese children are less likely to engage in outdoor activities, which results in reduced vitamin D synthesis (21). On the other hand, studies found that vitamin D regulated multiple aspects of adipose biology, such as adipogenesis and metabolic and endocrine function of adipose tissues (7).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin D Status and Its Influence on the Health of Preschool Children in Hangzhou

Chen

Xi²,

Hu³

et al. 2021

Front. Public Health

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Objective: Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in children are global public health problems. However, few studies have focused on vitamin D status in healthy preschool children, especially in Asia. This study aimed to investigate vitamin D status and host-related factors in healthy preschool children in Hangzhou to analyze the impact of low vitamin D levels (<30 ng/mL) on health outcomes (obesity, early childhood caries, and respiratory tract infections).Methods: A total of 1,510 healthy children aged 24–72 months from 15 kindergartens in Hangzhou were included. Data on the children's gender, age, body mass index (BMI), caries, and blood samples available for vitamin D analysis were collected from June to August 2018. A total of 325 children aged 36–48 months took part in a survey on the frequency of respiratory tract infections in the last year.Results: The children's mean 25(OH)D level was 28.01 ± 7.29 ng/mL. A total of 11.4% of the children had vitamin D deficiency, and 52.6% had vitamin D insufficiency. Only 36.0% had vitamin D sufficiency. No significant difference was found by gender or BMI group. However, children in the obesity group had the highest prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and the lowest 25(OH)D levels. A significant negative correlation was found between the 25(OH)D level and child age (r = −0.144, p < 0.001). Regression analysis showed that the children’s 25(OH)D levels decreased by 0.17 ng/mL per month with age. In addition, children with low vitamin D levels might increase the risk of obesity and early childhood caries. Multiple linear regression indicated that the number of caries in children increased by 0.08 per 1-ng/mL decrease in the 25(OH)D level (β = −0.08, p < 0.001).Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency is a serious problem among healthy preschool children in Hangzhou. Public health policies or interventions should be implemented to ensure that preschool children have adequate vitamin D to reduce the risk of related diseases.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin D Status and Its Influence on the Health of Preschool Children in Hangzhou

Chen

Xi²,

Hu³

et al. 2021

Front. Public Health

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“…Suboptimal vitamin D status in children is a global health problem (5,14,(58)(59)(60). Due to both skeletal and extra-skeletal functions of vitamin D (61,62), the symptoms of VDD in children could be varied (63) and at the extreme state might be manifested as nutritional rickets (64).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Even subclinical deficiency may adversely affect the child's peak bone mass, cardiometabolic markers and general health later in life (10)(11)(12)(13). Thus, interest in optimization of vitamin D status of children and adolescents is growing in both developed and developing countries (14)(15)(16) and greater emphasis is put on urgent suitable interventions to combat VDD problem (17).…”

Section: What Is Newmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Much Does Serum 25(OH)D Improve by Vitamin D Supplement and Fortified Food in Children? A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis

Nikooyeh

Ghodsi²,

Neyestani³

2021

J. pediatr. gastroenterol. nutr.

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Objectives: This study was conducted to respond certain important questions regarding the efficacy of vitamin D fortification and supplementation in children using a meta-analytical approach. Methods: MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were searched, and 2341 studies were found in a preliminary search. After screening of titles and abstracts, 31 studies were selected. Results: Significant raises in circulating 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations were observed in both groups that took vitamin D supplement (mean difference [MD] 28.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 22.5-34.9) and vitamin D-fortified foods (MD 20.29,). The metaregression revealed a significant association between age of participants (B À1.4, 95% CI À2.8, À0.02, P ¼ 0.047) and dose of vitamin D (B 0.007, 95% CI 0.003, 0.01, P < 0.001), with the effect on serum 25(OH)D concentrations. The analysis showed that serum 25(OH)D concentration increases by 0.7 nmol/L for every 100 IU of vitamin D intake after adjustment for age, baseline serum 25(OH)D and latitude which is far less than the reported amount in adults. Conclusions: Altogether, these findings indicate that in a mass vitamin D fortification program, circulating 25(OH)D concentration response in children may be lower in children than in adults and vitamin D supplementation may still be needed in this subpopulation.

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“…Moreover, Vitamin A deficiency may alter the intestinal microbiota which may compromise enteric pathogen clearance [38]. Vitamin D is involved in the processes of bone mineralization and growth through the regulation of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis [39]. The main site of Vitamins A and D absorption is small intestine which is the place of EED pathology [40].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum Biomarkers of Environmental Enteric Dysfunction and Growth Perspective in Egyptian Children

Wakeel¹,

El-Kassas

Hashem

et al. 2020

Open Access Maced J Med Sci

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BACKGROUND: Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) is a chronic subclinical condition, contributed to limited sources and poor countries. EED pathology is concerned with small intestine structure and function, which affect the macronutrients and micronutrients absorption with consequent growth faltering. AIM: This study aimed to evaluate some serum biomarkers involved in EED and determine their association with stunting and faltering growth in children; zonulin, endotoxin core antibody (EndoCAb), high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), serum iron, and Vitamins A and D. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This case–control study enrolled 105 children aged from 1 to 10 years old, having weight-for-age z-scores and height-for-age z-scores (WAZ or HAZ) ranging from −1.5 to −2. They were compared with control group consisted of 100 children having WAZ or HAZ > −1 of matched age and sex. Assessment of serum markers levels of enteric dysfunction (zonulin and EndoCAb), markers of systemic inflammation (Hs CRP and AGP), along with serum micronutrients (vitamin A, vitamin D and iron) in children with malnutrition in comparison to controls. RESULTS: There was a highly significant decrease as regarding the anthropometric measurements; weight, height, BMI, and arm circumference. Moreover, significant increase in serum zonulin, EndoCAb, HsCRP, and AGP and highly significant decrease of serum Vitamin D and iron in cases group as compared to control group. Height Z score showed negative correlation with zonulin, HsCRP, and AGP and positive correlation with Vitamin D. Weight Z score showed negative correlation with zonulin, HsCRP, and AGP and positive correlation with Vitamin D and Vitamin A. Regression analysis noted increase of zonulin and α1AGP as high associative markers with height Z score affection, however, increase of zonulin was high associative markers with weight Z score affection. CONCLUSION: Faltering growth is associated with elevated serum systemic markers of intestinal inflammation (HsCRP and α1AGP). EED may be a cause of faltering growth.

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Vitamin D in Toddlers, Preschool Children, and Adolescents

Cited by 45 publications

References 68 publications

Vitamin D Status and Its Influence on the Health of Preschool Children in Hangzhou

Vitamin D Status and Its Influence on the Health of Preschool Children in Hangzhou

How Much Does Serum 25(OH)D Improve by Vitamin D Supplement and Fortified Food in Children? A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis

Serum Biomarkers of Environmental Enteric Dysfunction and Growth Perspective in Egyptian Children

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