Vitamin D deficiency status and its related risk factors during early pregnancy: a cross-sectional study of pregnant Minangkabau women, Indonesia

Abstract

Background Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is a common problem in reproductive-aged women and has become a major public health problem worldwide. The effect of VDD in pregnancy has been associated with several adverse pregnancy outcomes. This study aims to assess the serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) in the first trimester and its associated factors (socio-demographics, pregnancy profiles, dietary intake, and maternal anthropometry measurements) for the determination of vitamin D deficiency status in early pregnancy. Methods A cross-sectional study of 239 pregnant mothers in West Sumatra, Indonesia was conducted. We measured lifestyle, socio-demographics and pregnancy profile through a structured questionnaire and interview process. A semi quantitative-food frequency questionnaire (SQ-FFQ) was used to analyse the dietary intake of the pregnant women. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were measured at < 13 weeks gestation using ELISA and logistic regression models were employed to identify the predictors of low vitamin D status. Results The prevalence of first-trimester maternal VDD and sufficiency were 82.8 and 17.2% respectively. The median 25(OH)D was 13.15 ng/mL (3.00–49.29 ng/mL). The significant independent predictors were no working status (OR: 0.029;0.001–0.708) ( p = 0.030); nulliparous parity status (OR: 7.634;1.550–37.608) ( p = 0.012); length of outdoor activity status of less than an hour (OR: 9.659;1.883–49.550) ( p = 0.007); and no consumption of supplements before pregnancy (OR: 4.49;1.081–18.563) ( p = 0.039). Conclusions The prevalence of VDD is common in early pregnancy among Minangkabau women. Recommendations and policies to detect and prevent such insufficiency during pregnancy should be developed by considering the associated factors.

Sunlight Exposed Body Surface Area&nbsp;is Associated With Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) Level&nbsp;in Pregnant Minangkabau Women,&nbsp;Indonesia

“…Recent studies showed that VDD is common in Indonesian women (Aji et al, 2019;Putri et al, 2019;Silvia et al, 2019b). Our previous study in healthy young Minangkabau women found that 97.5% of subjects had VDD (Silvia et al, 2019b).…”

“…Skin pigmentation type was also assessed by observation (Sachdeva, 2009). Serum 25(OH)D level was measured by ELISA method by using 25(OH)D ELISA Kit (Can-VD-510) produced by Diagnostic Biochem Canada (DBC®) (Silvia et al, 2019b;Aji et al, 2019).…”

Sunlight exposed body surface area is associated with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) level in pregnant Minangkabau women, Indonesia

“…The serum samples were separated by centrifugation at 3500 rpm at 4°C for 10 min, then stored in aliquots at − 80°C. Serum 25(OH)D level was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method by using 25(OH)D ELISA Kit (Can-VD-510) produced by Diagnostic Biochem Canada (DBC®) [9,27]. Vitamin D status in this study was defined using the cut-off points suggested by Grant & Holick where vitamin D levels categorized as deficient (< 50 nmol/L = < 20 ng/mL), insufficient (50-79 nmol/ L = 20-31 ng/mL) or sufficient (80-250 nmol/L = 32-100 ng/mL) [28].…”

“…A study in Kenya, a tropical country, showed that 51% of women had insufficient (< 75 nmol/L), and 21% had deficient serum 25(OH)D level (< 50 nmol/L) [8]. With the high prevalence of VDD in women reported in sunny countries [8][9][10], VDD in pregnant women needs particular attention because of the potential unwanted birth outcome.…”

Anemia prevalence and its associated risk factors among Minangkabau pregnant women in West Sumatra, Indonesia: findings from VDPM cohort study

“…This was a secondary data analysis from "Vitamin D Pregnant Mother (VDPM) study in West Sumatra". 2,3 The third trimester pregnant women were enrolled from the public health centers in West Sumatra Province from January to March 2018. Structured questionnaires were used to collect the data of demographic, socio-economic, anthropometry, and health history.…”