Vitamin D Deficiency and Associated Risk Factors in Women from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

AlFaris, Nora A.; AlKehayez, Nora M.; Almushawah, Fatema; AlNaeem, AbdulRhman; AlAmri, Nadia; AlMudawah, Ebtisam

doi:10.1038/s41598-019-56830-z

Cited by 55 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…However, it reported no association of VDD with age, educational, SES, employment, parity, body mass index, and sun exposure [ 30 ]. Another small cross-sectional study in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, reported VDD among 60.2% of participants was associated with lack of usage of vitamin D, and multivitamins [ 31 ]. Another study in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia reported that absence of vitamin D supplements usage, younger age were factors associated with VDD among females [ 32 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency and determinants of vitamin D deficiency among premenopausal and postmenopausal women in Karachi Pakistan

et al. 2021

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Background Vitamin D deficiency is becoming a serious public health problem, even in sun-drenched cities like Karachi, Pakistan. We investigated the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its association with sociodemographic characteristics, anthropometric measures, and lifestyle factors among premenopausal and postmenopausal women (n = 784). Methods Face-to-face interviews were conducted to collect information and serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D were measured after the interviews. Results A total of 57% of women were vitamin D deficient with higher vitamin D deficiency found among premenopausal women (64.7%) compared to postmenopausal women (49%). The median serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (IQR) were 16.7 ng/ml (IQR 9.8–30.0). Factors associated with vitamin D deficiency were lower socioeconomic status (OR 2.00; 95% CI 1.15–3.48), younger age with highest vitamin D deficiency found in < 35 years of age group (OR 3.11; 95% CI 1.76–5.51), and winter season (OR 1.51, 95% CI 1.07–2.15) after adjusting for multiple confounders. The use of vitamin D supplement (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.38–0.92) and vigorous exercise (OR 0.20, 95% CI 0.05–0.80) were protective against vitamin D deficiency. Conclusions The study shows a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, with detrimental health effects, among younger women belonging to lower socioeconomic status and during the winter season. The use of vitamin D supplements and vigorous exercise were protective measures. Public health campaigns are needed for education and awareness about vitamin D deficiency to improve vitamin D status for younger women living in poor environments.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency and determinants of vitamin D deficiency among premenopausal and postmenopausal women in Karachi Pakistan

et al. 2021

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“…More than 60% of Middle Eastern people prefer burqa as appropriate dress for Saudi Arabian women [102]. On top of that, a study report showed that 60% of women from Saudi Arabia living in Riyadh city had vitamin D de ciency [103].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among the South Asian adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Siddiqee

Bhattacharjee

Siddiqi

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: Vitamin D deficiency is linked to a wide range of chronic and infectious diseases. Body of literature suggested that the prevalence of this deficiency can have geographical variation. Although, vitamin D deficiency is frequently reported in the South Asian population, the scarcity of systematic reviews and meta-analyses means the true extent of the disease and the underlying factors causing it are poorly characterized.Methods: A systematic search was performed using databases (PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar) for original studies on the South Asian population (published from January 1, 2001 to December 31, 2019). Following the search, a random effect meta-analyses was performed to calculate population level weighted average, pooled prevalence of deficiency, and heterogeneity of vitamin D among different countries and genders; in addition to South Asia as a whole.Results: Our study, based on our selection criteria was narrowed down to a total of 44,717 participants; that spanned over 65 studies from five South Asian countries. Overall, the pooled prevalence of deficiency was 68% [95% CI: 64% to 72%] with significant heterogeneity (I2 = 98%; p = 0.00). Average level of vitamin D ranged from 4.7 to 32 ng/mL, with a weighted mean of 19.15 ng/mL (weighted standard deviation 11.59 ng/mL). The highest prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was found in Pakistan (73%; 95% CI: 63% to 83%) followed by Bangladesh (67%; 95% CI: 50% to 83%), India (67%; 95% CI: 61% to 73%), Nepal (57%; 95% CI: 53% to 60%) and Sri Lanka (48%; 95% CI: 41% to 55%), respectively. This finding indicated a high degree of heterogeneity among the population. (I2 = 98.76%), Furthermore, a gender wise analysis suggested that in South Asia, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was higher in females than males. Conclusion: Our findings reveal highly prevalent and variable vitamin D deficiency among the adults of different South Asian countries. Findings from this review would be helpful to generate hypotheses and explore the factors affecting the inter-country variability, alongside strengthening evidence for governments to prioritize mitigation strategies in this region.

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“…There was no association of VDD observed with age, educational, SES, employment, parity, body mass index, sun exposure (29). Another small cross-sectional study in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, reported VDD among 60.2% of participants was associated with lack of usage of vitamin D, multi-vitamins (30).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Frequency and Determinants of Vitamin D Deficiency Among Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women: A Multicenter Study in Karachi, Pakistan

Shamsi

Azam²,

Shamsi

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: Vitamin D deficiency is becoming a serious public health problem, even in sun-drenched cities like Karachi, Pakistan. We investigated the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency VDD and its association with sociodemographic characteristics, anthropometric measures, and lifestyle factors among Pakistani women (n = 784). Methods: Face-to-face interviews were conducted to collect information from premenopausal and menopausal women and serum 25(OH)D was measured after the interview. Results: The mean age of the women was 46.2 years, and the mean 25-hydroxyvitamin D (+/- SD) levels were 22.9 ng/ml (+/-20.3). A total of 57% of women were vitamin D deficient with higher vitamin D deficiency found among premenopausal (64.7%) women compared to menopausal women (49%). Factors associated with vitamin D deficiency were lower socioeconomic status (OR 2.00; 95% CI 1.15–3.48), younger age with highest vitamin D deficiency in < 35 years of age (OR 3.11; 95% CI 1.76–5.51), and winter season (OR 1.51, 95% CI 1.07-2.15) after adjusting for multiple confounders. The use of vitamin D supplement use (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.38-0.92) and vigorous exercise (OR 0.20, 95 % CI 0.05-0.80) was protective against vitamin D deficiency. Conclusions: The study shows a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, with detrimental health effects among younger women belonging to lower socioeconomic status during the winter season. The use of vitamin D supplements and vigorous exercise were protective measures. Public health campaigns are needed for education and awareness about vitamin D deficiency to improve vitamin D status for younger women living in poor environments.

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Vitamin D Deficiency and Associated Risk Factors in Women from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Cited by 55 publications

References 37 publications

Frequency and determinants of vitamin D deficiency among premenopausal and postmenopausal women in Karachi Pakistan

Frequency and determinants of vitamin D deficiency among premenopausal and postmenopausal women in Karachi Pakistan

High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among the South Asian adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Frequency and Determinants of Vitamin D Deficiency Among Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women: A Multicenter Study in Karachi, Pakistan

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