Vitamin D and Sterol Composition of 10 Types of Mushrooms from Retail Suppliers in the United States

Abstract

Vitamin D(2) (ergocalciferol) and sterols were analyzed in mushrooms sampled nationwide in the United States to update the USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. Vitamin D(2) was assayed using HPLC with [(3)H]-vitamin D(3) internal standard and sterols by GC-FID mass spectrometric (MS) confirmation. Vitamin D(2) was low (0.1-0.3 μg/100 g) in Agaricus bisporus (white button, crimini, portabella) and enoki, moderate in shiitake and oyster (0.4-0.7 μg/100 g), and high in morel, chanterelle, maitake (5.2-28.1 μg/100 g) and UV-treated portabella (3.4-20.9 μg/100 g), with significant variability among composites for some types. Ergosterol (mg/100 g) was highest in maitake and shiitake (79.2, 84.9) and lowest in morel and enoki (26.3, 35.5); the range was <10 mg/100 g among white button composites but 12-50 mg/100 g among samples of other types. All mushrooms contained ergosta-5,7-dienol (22,23-dihydroergosterol) (3.53-18.0 mg/100 g) and (except morel) ergosta-7-enol. Only morel contained brassicasterol (28.6 mg/100 g) and campesterol (1.23-4.54 mg/100 g) and no ergosta-7,22-dienol. MS was critical in distinguishing campesterol from ergosta-7,22-dienol.

Profile of phenolic and organic acids, antioxidant properties and ergosterol content in cultivated and wild growing species of Agaricus

“…Strain Kanmycel 3-1 contained the highest content of ergosterol in comparison with other white A. bisporus, while Sylvan A15 contained the lowest content of ergosterol among all analyzed species. The findings clearly indicate lower levels of ergosterol in comparison to other studies showing that ergosterol content in A. bisporus ranged from 4.6 to 6.4 mg/g DW (460-640 mg/100 g DW) [15,51] and more than 50 mg/100 g fresh weight [45]. However, the obtained results are in accordance with other studies that have found that the total ergosterol content in brown A. bisporus was significantly higher than in white A. bisporus [45,50,51].…”

“…The findings clearly indicate lower levels of ergosterol in comparison to other studies showing that ergosterol content in A. bisporus ranged from 4.6 to 6.4 mg/g DW (460-640 mg/100 g DW) [15,51] and more than 50 mg/100 g fresh weight [45]. However, the obtained results are in accordance with other studies that have found that the total ergosterol content in brown A. bisporus was significantly higher than in white A. bisporus [45,50,51]. The concentration of ergosterol was confirmed to be different depending on the type of fungus [15,51].…”

“…The pattern of the sterol profile shows that ergosterol is the main compound synthesized by wild growing and cultivated mushrooms [45,46]. Because of its antimicrobial, antitumor and anticomplementary activities, ergosterol and its peroxidation derivatives are currently under frequent investigation [47][48][49].…”

Anti-inflammatory potential of mushroom extracts and isolated metabolites

“…Ergosterol is a precussor of vitamin D found in mushrooms membrane and known to vary among species depending on the physiological state of the mushroom (Chiocchio & Matković, 2011). Steroids in general have been reported to play several biological functions such as anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, immune function as well as prevention of common diseases (Phillips et al, 2011). Antrodia camphorata is a medicinal mushroom with reported anti-inflammatory activity (Hseu et al, 2005;Liu et al, 2007;Hsieh et al, 2010;Hseu, Huang, & Hsiang, 2010;Lee et al, 2011b;Liao, Kuo, Liang, Shen, & Wu, 2012;Deng et al, 2013;Chen et al, 2013).…”

Development of a Novel Methodology for the Analysis of Ergosterol in Mushrooms

“…Nevertheless, ergosterol is also found in relatively high amounts in plants like corn, cotton seed, peanut and linseed oils (Kritchevsky and Shirley 2005;Lagarda et al 2006). This sterol is becoming an important research topic because its content is usually associated with structural and growing fungal characteristics, such as maturation, hyphal formation and sporulation (Villares et al 2012), being also dependent on the fungal species (Phillips et al 2011). From the bioactivity point of view, ergosterol has great importance since it can be converted into vitamin D 2 after photolysis and thermal rearrangement (Villares et al 2012), and was reported as having health-promoting properties such as antioxidant (Shao et al 2010), anti-inflammatory (Kuo et al 2011) and antihyperlipidemic (Hu et al 2006) activities, being also involved in the activated expression of specific defense genes (Lochman and Mikes 2005).…”