Vitamin B12, Folic Acid, and the Immune System

Mikkelsen, Kathleen; Apostolopoulos, Vasso

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-16073-9_6

Cited by 42 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…Other vitamins, such as those from the B complex, have also been suggested to positively affect the immune system, particularly vitamin B-9 (folate) and vitamin B-12 (cobalamin). Their deficiency dramatically inhibits the production of nucleic acids, proteins, and the activity of immune cells and other metabolic processes responsible for immunity ( 44 , 45 ).…”

Section: Current Status Of Knowledgementioning

confidence: 99%

Western Dietary Pattern Antioxidant Intakes and Oxidative Stress: Importance During the SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 Pandemic

Trujillo-Mayol

Guerra‐Valle

Casas-Forero

et al. 2021

Advances in Nutrition

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The importance of balanced dietary habits, which include appropriate amounts of antioxidants to maintain the immune system, has become increasingly relevant during the current SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic, because viral infections are characterized by high oxidative stress. Furthermore, the measures taken by governments to control the pandemic have led to increased anxiety, stress, and depression, which affect physical and mental health, all of which are influenced by nutritional status, diet, and lifestyle. The Mediterranean diet (MD), Atlantic diet (AD), and the Dietary Guidelines for Americans all provide the essential vitamins, minerals, and phenolic compounds needed to activate enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant responses. However, viral pandemics such as the current COVID-19 crisis entail high oxidative damage caused by both the infection and the resultant social stresses within populations, which increases the probability and severity of infection. Balanced dietary patterns such as the MD and the AD are characterized by the consumption of fruit, vegetables, legumes, olive oil, and whole grains with low intakes of processed foods and red meat. For a healthy lifestyle in young adults, the MD in particular provides the required amount of antioxidants per day for vitamins D (0.3–3.8 μg), E (17.0 mg), C (137.2–269.8 mg), A (1273.3 μg), B-12 (1.5–2.0 μg), and folate (455.1–561.3 μg), the minerals Se (120.0 μg), Zn (11.0 mg), Fe (15.0–18.8 mg), and Mn (5.2–12.5 mg), and polyphenols (1171.00 mg) needed to maintain an active immune response. However, all of these diets are deficient in the recommended amount of vitamin D (20 μg/d). Therefore, vulnerable populations such as elders and obese individuals could benefit from antioxidant supplementation to improve their antioxidant response. Although evidence remains scarce, there is some indication that a healthy diet, along with supplemental antioxidant intake, is beneficial to COVID-19 patients.

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Section: Current Status Of Knowledgementioning

confidence: 99%

Western Dietary Pattern Antioxidant Intakes and Oxidative Stress: Importance During the SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 Pandemic

Trujillo-Mayol

Guerra‐Valle

Casas-Forero

et al. 2021

Advances in Nutrition

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“…Patients with vitamin B12 deficiency had low blood numbers of CD8 + T lymphocytes and low natural killer cell activity ( Calder, 2020 ) 2.4 mcg 4 mcg ( (nda) et al, 2015 ) Folate Broccoli, brussels sprouts, green leafy vegetables (spinach, kale, cabbage), peas, chickpeas, fortified cereals Folic acid, the synthetic form of folate, plays an important role in cell division and cell production in blood-forming organs and bone marrow. Many studies recommend that adequate dietary levels of folic acid and B12 can act as preventative measures for inflammation, immune dysfunction, and disease progression ( Alpert, 2017 ; Mikkelsen and Apostolopoulos, 2019 ; van Doremalen et al, 2020b ) 400 mcg 1000 mcg ( Sawaengsri et al, 2016 ; Watson et al, 2018 ; World Health Organization & FAO, 2004 ) ( 27–29 ) Vitamin C Oranges and orange juice, red and green peppers, strawberries, blackcurrants, kiwi, broccoli, brussels sprouts, potatoes Vitamin C contributes to immune defense by supporting various cellular functions of both the innate and adaptive immune systems. Vitamin C supports epithelial barrier function against pathogens.…”

Section: Effects Of Nutrition and Diet On Immunity System Infections And Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

From the environment to the cells: An overview on pivotal factors which affect spreading and infection in COVID-19 pandemic

Zarei

Rahimi

Hassanzadeh

et al. 2021

Environmental Research

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Several factors ranging from environmental risks to the genetics of the virus and that of the hosts, affect the spread of COVID-19. The impact of physicochemical variables on virus vitality and spread should be taken into account in experimental and clinical studies. Another avenue to explore is the effect of diet and its interaction with the immune system on SARS-CoV-2 infection and mortality rate. Past year have witnessed extensive studies on virus and pathophysiology of the COVID-19 disease and the cellular mechanisms of virus spreading. However, our knowledge has not reached a level where we plan an efficient therapeutic approach to prevent the virus entry to the cells or decreasing the spreading and morbidity in severe cases of disease. The risk of infection directly correlates with the control of virus spreading via droplets and aerosol transmission, as well as patient immune system response. A key goal in virus restriction and transmission rate is to understand the physicochemical structure of aerosol and droplet formation, and the parameters that affect the droplet-borne and airborne in different environmental conditions. The lifetime of droplets on different surfaces is described based on the contact angle. Hereby, we recommend regular use of high-quality face masks in high temperature and low humidity conditions. However, in humid and cold weather conditions, wearing gloves and frequently hand washing, gain a higher priority. Additionally, social distancing rules should be respected in all aforementioned conditions. We will also discuss different routes of SARS-CoV-2 entry into the cells and how multiple genetic factors play a role in the spread of the virus. Given the role of environmental and nutritional factors, we discuss and recommend some strategies to prevent the disease and protect the population against COVID-19. Since an effective vaccine can prevent the transmission of communicable diseases and abolish pandemics, we added a brief review of candidate SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.

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“…B vitaminleri, hücre enerji metabolizmasında ve organik molekül sentezinde rol alan koenzimler olarak bilinmektedir (Iddir vd., 2020;Mikkelsen & Apostolopoulos, 2019). B grubu vitaminlerinden B12 vitamini, DNA sentezi, protein sentezi, hücre bakımı ve hücre proliferasyonundaki rolleri ile hayati öneme sahiptir.…”

Section: B12 Vitaminiunclassified

“…B grubu vitaminlerinden B12 vitamini, DNA sentezi, protein sentezi, hücre bakımı ve hücre proliferasyonundaki rolleri ile hayati öneme sahiptir. Bu fonksiyonlara bakıldığında, B12 vitamini eksikliği durumunda hücre aracılı bağışıklık ve humoral bağışıklık durumları tehlikeye girer ve bağışıklık hücreleri üzerinde çeşitli etkiler görülür (Mikkelsen & Apostolopoulos, 2019). Karaciğer, balık, yumurta, süt ve süt ürünleri B12 vitamini içermektedir (Yoshii vd., 2019).…”

Section: B12 Vitaminiunclassified

Mi̇kro Besi̇n Ögeleri̇ni̇n Bağişiklik Si̇stemi̇ Ve Covid-19 Tedavi̇si̇ndeki̇ Etki̇si̇

Arslan

2021

European Journal of Science and Technology

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ÖzDünya Sağlık Örgütü (DSÖ), şiddetli akut solunum sendromuna (ARDS) neden olan koronavirüs hastalığını (Covid-19) küresel bir salgın olarak ilan etmiştir. Bağışıklık sisteminin korunmasına yardımcı olan dengeli beslenme, viral enfeksiyonların önlenmesi ve tedavisi için gereklidir. Enfeksiyon riskini azaltmak ve bağışıklık sistemini desteklemek için anti-inflamatuvar özelliklere sahip bazı vitaminlerin (A, C, E ve B12) anahtar rolleri olduğu gösterilmiştir. Bu derlemede, Covid-19 tedavisinde bağışıklık sistemini güçlendirmek ve oksidatif stresi azaltmak için A vitamini, C vitamini, E vitamini ve B12 vitamininin etkilerine bakılmıştır. Yüksek anti-inflamatuvar ve antioksidan kapasiteye sahip ve immünomodülatör olarak görev alan bileşenler arasında A, C, E ve B12 vitamini bulunmaktadır. Bu vitaminlerin, antioksidan etkilere bağlı olarak NF-kB ve Nrf2 gibi transkripsiyon faktörlerle etkileşime girebilmektedir. Ayrıca, solunum epitelyumunun ciddi enfeksiyonu, sitokin fırtınası yaratarak ARDS'ye yol açabilir ve bu durum, Covid-19 hastalarında da görülmektedir. Şu anda, Covid-19 hastalığını tedavi eden aşı henüz bulunmamıştır. Bu salgın süresince, antimikrobiyal özelliklere sahip vitaminlerin Covid-19 tedavisinde potansiyel rolü olabileceği düşünülmüştür. Ancak, koronavirüs enfeksiyonunda beslenme ile ilgili veriler yetersiz olduğundan daha çok çalışmaya ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.

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Vitamin B12, Folic Acid, and the Immune System

Cited by 42 publications

References 83 publications

Western Dietary Pattern Antioxidant Intakes and Oxidative Stress: Importance During the SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 Pandemic

Western Dietary Pattern Antioxidant Intakes and Oxidative Stress: Importance During the SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 Pandemic

From the environment to the cells: An overview on pivotal factors which affect spreading and infection in COVID-19 pandemic

Mi̇kro Besi̇n Ögeleri̇ni̇n Bağişiklik Si̇stemi̇ Ve Covid-19 Tedavi̇si̇ndeki̇ Etki̇si̇

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