Vitamin A depletion and repletion: effects on antibody response to the capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae, type III (SSS-III)

Pasatiempo, A. M. G.; Bowman, Taylor; Taylor, Christopher E.; Ross, A. Catharine

doi:10.1093/ajcn/49.3.501

Cited by 64 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The secondary response to tetanus toxoid also was very low in VA-deficient rats [6,7]. In each of these studies, repletion with VA resulted in normal or elevated antibody responses in previously VA-deficient rats [5,6,8]. We also inferred that VA deficiency does not abrogate the ability to produce a humoral response on the basis of studies in which strong antigen-specific responses to tetanus toxoid or pneumococcal polysaccharide were elicited in VAdeficient rats by coimmunization with lipopolysaccharide [7,9] or cotreatment with tumor necrosis factor-a [7].…”

mentioning

confidence: 86%

Retinoic Acid and Polyriboinosinic Acid Act Synergistically to Enhance the Antibody Response to Tetanus Toxoid during Vitamin A Deficiency: Possible Involvement of Interleukin‐2 Receptor‐β, Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription‐1, and Interferon Regulatory Factor‐1

DeCicco

Zolfaghari

et al. 2000

J INFECT DIS

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Antibody responses to T cell-dependent antigens are reduced during vitamin A (VA) deficiency and restored by retinoids. To test whether retinoic acid (RA) and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (PIC), an inducer of interferons, can increase specific antibody production, VA-deficient rats were treated with all-trans-RA, PIC, or both at the time of primary immunization with tetanus toxoid. VA-deficient rats produced low primary and secondary anti-tetanus IgG responses (P<.001 vs. VA-sufficient controls). Both responses were increased synergistically by RA plus PIC (P<.0001). In VA-deficient spleens, mRNAs were low for interleukin (IL)-2 receptor-beta, interferon regulatory factor-1, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1. Each, however, was induced by RA plus PIC (P<.0001 vs. controls). Conversely, IL-12 and IL-10 mRNAs were elevated in VA deficiency and were induced by PIC and suppressed by RA. Thus, RA plus PIC appears to be a promising combination for stimulating antigen-specific immunity. Several molecular factors identified here may partially account for the observed enhancement.

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mentioning

confidence: 86%

Retinoic Acid and Polyriboinosinic Acid Act Synergistically to Enhance the Antibody Response to Tetanus Toxoid during Vitamin A Deficiency: Possible Involvement of Interleukin‐2 Receptor‐β, Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription‐1, and Interferon Regulatory Factor‐1

DeCicco

Zolfaghari

et al. 2000

J INFECT DIS

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“…It is estimated that upwards of 250,000 children go blind due to Vitamin A deficiency each year [120]. An additional consequence of Vitamin A deficiency is increased susceptibility to childhood infectious disease, including measles, diarrhea, and respiratory infection [120,121]. Vitamin A supplementation is a partially effective stop gap measure for affected children.…”

Section: A Vitamin a Supplementationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Therapeutic Applications for Ligands of Retinoid Receptors

Thacher

Vasudevan²,

Chandraratna³

2000

CPD

116

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Synthetic retinoids, ligands for the RAR and RXR members of the steroid/thyroid superfamily of nuclear hormone receptors, are used for the treatment of psoriasis, acne, photoaging and cancer. Retinoid mechanisms of action for these conditions largely involve effects on epithelial differentiation and modulation of inflammation with some impact on the immune system. Retinoid medicinal chemistry in recent years has identified ligands highly specific for one of the three RAR subtypes (RAR-alpha) and for the RXR family of receptors, as well as antagonists for the RARs, RARalpha and the RXRs. Structure-activity relationships among the novel retinoid classes are reviewed along with potential therapeutic activities and side effects. RAR-alpha specific retinoids inhibit cancer cell growth but lack other retinoid toxicities, including skin irritation now ascribed to RAR-gama. RXR-specific retinoids lower blood glucose in animal models of type 2 diabetes albeit with a potential for mild hypothyroidism. Function-selective retinoids, especially a class of RAR antagonists called inverse agonists, have unexpected gene regulatory activity. Given the diverse properties and tissue distributions of the retinoid receptors, synthesis of additional classes of receptor-specific and function-selective ligands has the potential to produce novel therapeutic applications.

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“…Retinol seems to be required for the activation of T lymphocytes 34 . In vitamin A de®ciency, antibody response is impaired for both T-celldependent antigen 35 and T-cell-independent antigen 36 . Vitamin A may decrease the incidence and severity of RPI by promoting wound healing, increasing resistance to infection and immune enhancement if infection occurs.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin A and causes of maternal mortality: association and biological plausibility

Faisel¹,

Pittrof

2000

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To review the association between major causes of maternal mortality and vitamin A, trying to determine if these associations are causal in nature, and to highlight possible biological pathways that may explain vitamin A effects. Design: Literature review, observational studies and clinical trials. The strength of association was determined by applying Bradford Hill criteria of causality. Results: In a vitamin A de®cient population, vitamin A is essential for adequate treatment of anaemia. While vitamin A does not seem to be capable of preventing uterine atony, obstetric or surgical trauma, which are important causes of haemorrhage, it might be capable of preventing or decreasing coagulopathy. Possible effects on the placenta as regards implantation, site and size are not clear. As regards pregnancy-related infections, vitamin A supplementation can improve wound healing by decreasing ®brosis and increasing transforming growth factor-b (TFG-b). It can increase resistance to infection by increasing mucosal integrity, increasing surface immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and enhancing adequate neutrophil function. If infection occurs, vitamin A can act as an immune enhancer, increasing the adequacy of natural killer (NK) cells and increasing antibody production. b-carotene in its provitamin form can act as an antioxidant by decreasing endothelial cell damage (the pathognomonic feature of pre-eclampsia) and promote the vasodilator effect of nitric oxide that might bring about a better outcome of toxaemia in pregnancy. It is unlikely that vitamin A or b-carotene has an effect on obstructed labour. Conclusions: Plausible biomedical pathways can only be constructed for obstetric haemorrhage, anaemia in pregnancy, hypertension in pregnancy and pregnancyrelated infections. A 40% reduction in the maternal mortality ratio, as observed in Nepal, is unlikely to be solely explained through the aforementioned pathways. KeywordsVitamin A Maternal mortality Biological plausibility Over the last decade, the role of vitamin A in decreasing the mortality and morbidity of infectious diseases in children has been established. Now, its importance to women of reproductive age has become a focus of interest. The results of a randomized controlled trial of vitamin A and b-carotene supplementation to women aged 15±45 years in Nepal suggest that this supplementation resulted in a signi®cant reduction in maternal mortality (vitamin A, 40% reduction; b-carotene, 50% reduction 1 ). Maternal mortality is a major public health problem in developing countries, and decreasing its burden is vital. Of the estimated 585 000 maternal deaths that occur every year approximately 25% are caused by haemorrhage, 15% by infections, 13% by abortion complications, 12% by complications of hypertensive disease in pregnancy, pre-eclampsia or eclampsia and 8% by obstructed labour 2 . Anaemic women are at higher risk of death if these complications occur.Only if the effect of vitamin A supplementation can be explained through biomedical pathways can we ass...

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Vitamin A depletion and repletion: effects on antibody response to the capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae, type III (SSS-III)

Cited by 64 publications

References 31 publications

Retinoic Acid and Polyriboinosinic Acid Act Synergistically to Enhance the Antibody Response to Tetanus Toxoid during Vitamin A Deficiency: Possible Involvement of Interleukin‐2 Receptor‐β, Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription‐1, and Interferon Regulatory Factor‐1

Retinoic Acid and Polyriboinosinic Acid Act Synergistically to Enhance the Antibody Response to Tetanus Toxoid during Vitamin A Deficiency: Possible Involvement of Interleukin‐2 Receptor‐β, Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription‐1, and Interferon Regulatory Factor‐1

Therapeutic Applications for Ligands of Retinoid Receptors

Vitamin A and causes of maternal mortality: association and biological plausibility

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