Visually-Induced Motion Sickness Reduction via Static and Dynamic Rest Frames

Cybersickness in Head-Mounted Displays Is Caused by Differences in the User's Virtual and Physical Head Pose

“…However, while both findings appear consistent with the rest frame hypothesis, they may simply reflect differences in the vection or subjective verticals experienced with and without stationary backgrounds 4 . Further complicating the interpretation of these findings, it appears that cybersickness can also be reduced by superimposing stationary foreground (as opposed to background) surfaces onto virtual environments (Chang E. et al, 2013;Cao et al, 2018). Thus, we conclude that the available data for the rest frame hypothesis are currently inconclusive.…”

“…When presented with the same HMD VR simulation, some users are much more likely to become sick, and also experience this sickness more severely, than others (Munafo et al, 2017;Arcioni et al, 2019;Cao et al, 2019;Clifton and Palmisano, 2019;Risi and Palmisano, 2019;Curry et al, 2020;Teixeira and Palmisano, 2020). Currently, our DVP hypothesis does not have a specific mechanism to explain individual differences in cybersickness during HMD VR.…”

“…Alternatively, it may be that DVP can only explain withinsubject effects on cybersickness (such as the effects of increasing the magnitude of the display lag or the speed of the user's head movement). In order to explain known/possible age (e.g., Cao et al, 2019), sex (e.g., Munafo et al, 2017) and other betweensubject effects on cybersickness in HMD VR, we may need to look to other existing theories for inspiration. For example, if DVP is treated as non-redundant multisensory stimulation, then our hypothesis is potentially compatible with the postural instability theory of motion sickness.…”

Investigating Effects and User Preferences of Extra- and Intradiegetic Virtual Reality Questionnaires

“…Most of them use extradiegetic UIs. Their design choices differ from each other in (1) the means of presentation, for example using floating headup-displays [9,12,23], world-referenced UIs [14,18,24,29,[34][35][36] or UIs attached to the body [43], (2) the means of interaction, mainly by using VR-controllers [18,23,24,29,35], gamepads [2,9,14], answering orally [12] or using free-hand interaction via Leap Motion gesture-based inputs [32,34,36,43], and (3) other design choices like presenting single or multi-questions at once, answering via Likert-scales [29,[34][35][36]], text-based buttons [23] or sliders [2,9,14,18].…”

“…In some experimental setups, the VR-scene (mostly a game) was replaced entirely by a new VE, either by showing the questionnaire in front of a plain background [9,23] or in a virtual replica of the laboratory [19,30,35]. This approach resembles the UI Extern used in this paper (see figure 1 a).…”