Visualization of system dynamics using phasegrams

Herbst, Christian T.; Herzel, Hanspeter; Švec, Jan G.; Wyman, Megan T.; Fitch, W. Tecumseh

doi:10.1098/rsif.2013.0288

Cited by 35 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 56 publications

(87 reference statements)

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“…pitched howls and moans of sika deer males are not produced by an additional source as in the biphonation of wapitis, but by the vocal folds (Herbst et al, 2013). As a consequence, sika deer calls lack a second G0 source but, instead, have a very high F0 (ranging from 196 to 1196 Hz; Minami and Kawamichi, 1992) relative to their body size.…”

Section: Function and Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of biphonation and source–filter interactions in the bugles of male North American wapiti (Cervus canadensis)

Reby

Wyman

Frey

et al. 2016

Journal of Experimental Biology

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With an average male body mass of 320 kg, the wapiti, Cervus canadensis, is the largest extant species of Old World deer (Cervinae). Despite this large body size, male wapiti produce whistlelike sexual calls called bugles characterised by an extremely high fundamental frequency. Investigations of the biometry and physiology of the male wapiti's relatively large larynx have so far failed to account for the production of such a high fundamental frequency. Our examination of spectrograms of male bugles suggested that the complex harmonic structure is best explained by a dual-source model (biphonation), with one source oscillating at a mean of 145 Hz (F0) and the other oscillating independently at an average of 1426 Hz (G0). A combination of anatomical investigations and acoustical modelling indicated that the F0 of male bugles is consistent with the vocal fold dimensions reported in this species, whereas the secondary, much higher source at G0 is more consistent with an aerodynamic whistle produced as air flows rapidly through a narrow supraglottic constriction. We also report a possible interaction between the higher frequency G0 and vocal tract resonances, as G0 transiently locks onto individual formants as the vocal tract is extended. We speculate that male wapiti have evolved such a dualsource phonation to advertise body size at close range (with a relatively low-frequency F0 providing a dense spectrum to highlight size-related information contained in formants) while simultaneously advertising their presence over greater distances using the very highamplitude G0 whistle component.

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Section: Function and Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of biphonation and source–filter interactions in the bugles of male North American wapiti (Cervus canadensis)

Reby

Wyman

Frey

et al. 2016

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…Bioacoustic signals show a rich variety of non-linear phenomena such as limit cycles, subharmonics, biphonation, chaos, and transitions between them (Wilden et al, 1998;Fitch et al, 2002;Herbst et al, 2013). This section describes the basic characteristics of these phenomena from the perspective of non-linear dynamics.…”

Section: Classification Of Dynamic States and Bifurcationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-linear dynamics in mammalian voice production

Tokuda

2018

Anthropological Science

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Animal vocalizations range from tonal sounds to irregular atonal sounds and are generated from non-linear oscillations of the vocal folds as well as from turbulent noise in the glottis. Comprehensive study on bioacoustic signals indicates the existence of a diversity of non-linear phenomena, such as limit cycles, subharmonics, biphonation, chaos, and bifurcations in animal vocalizations, which may provide keys to understanding animal communications. In this paper, we review the concept of nonlinear dynamics and its methodology as applicable to bioacoustics. Acoustical analysis of recorded sounds, simulation of a biomechanical model of the voice production system, and physical experiment of the vocal tract and vocal folds are presented to demonstrate non-linear features inherent in animal vocalizations. We focus on source-filter interaction as one of the main regulators of the non-linear property that can lead either to efficient vocalization or to voice instability in animal sounds. A combination of different approaches is suggested to be of great use for extracting the essential features of non-linear dynamics in animal vocalizations.

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“…The mammalian larynx is a non-linear system capable of exhibiting a wide range of vibratory behaviour, such as periodic vibration, subharmonics and deterministic chaos (Titze et al, 1993a;Herzel et al, 1995;Behrman and Baken, 1997;Fitch et al, 2002;Neubauer et al, 2004;Jiang et al, 2006). In such a system, small changes of boundary conditions can lead to fundamentally different oscillation patterns (Berry et al, 1996;Svec et al, 1999;Tokuda et al, 2008;Herbst et al, 2013). Consequently, the different vibratory regimes documented in this study may have arisen from subtle differences in the adduction of the arytenoids across various flow-induced vocalizations with comparable air pressure conditions.…”

Section: Physiological Relevancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…With a few exceptions, such as cat purring (Remmers and Gautier, 1972;Sissom et al, 1991), vocal production is governed by the physical principles of the myoelasticaerodynamic theory: by muscle-supported, flow-driven, selfsustaining oscillations of laryngeal tissue (Van Den Berg, 1958;Titze, 2006). The mammalian sound generator exhibits a wide variety of oscillatory behaviour, including non-linear phenomena such as subharmonics and deterministic chaos (Fitch et al, 2002;Herbst et al, 2013). This complex system with multiple degrees of freedom has been well studied in humans and a few mammalian species with comparable laryngeal dimensions, such as dogs and sheep (Herzel, 1995;Svec et al, 2000;Tokuda et al, 2008;Döllinger et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complex vibratory patterns in an elephant larynx

Švec

Lohscheller

et al. 2013

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYElephants' low-frequency vocalizations are produced by flow-induced self-sustaining oscillations of laryngeal tissue. To date, little is known in detail about the vibratory phenomena in the elephant larynx. Here, we provide a first descriptive report of the complex oscillatory features found in the excised larynx of a 25year old female African elephant (Loxodonta africana), the largest animal sound generator ever studied experimentally. Sound production was documented with high-speed video, acoustic measurements, air flow and sound pressure level recordings. The anatomy of the larynx was studied with computed tomography (CT) and dissections. Elephant CT vocal anatomy data were further compared with the anatomy of an adult human male. We observed numerous unusual phenomena, not typically reported in human vocal fold vibrations. Phase delays along both the inferior-superior and anterior-posterior (A-P) dimension were commonly observed, as well as transverse travelling wave patterns along the A-P dimension, previously not documented in the literature. Acoustic energy was mainly created during the instant of glottal opening. The vestibular folds, when adducted, participated in tissue vibration, effectively increasing the generated sound pressure level by 12dB. The complexity of the observed phenomena is partly attributed to the distinct laryngeal anatomy of the elephant larynx, which is not simply a large-scale version of its human counterpart. Travelling waves may be facilitated by low fundamental frequencies and increased vocal fold tension. A travelling wave model is proposed, to account for three types of phenomena: A-P travelling waves, 'conventional' standing wave patterns, and irregular vocal fold vibration. Supplementary material available online at

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Visualization of system dynamics using phasegrams

Cited by 35 publications

References 56 publications

Evidence of biphonation and source–filter interactions in the bugles of male North American wapiti (Cervus canadensis)

Evidence of biphonation and source–filter interactions in the bugles of male North American wapiti (Cervus canadensis)

Non-linear dynamics in mammalian voice production

Complex vibratory patterns in an elephant larynx

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