Visual Skills Involved in Decision Making by Expert Referees

Ghasemi, A; Momeni, Maryam; Jafarzadehpur, Ebrahim; Rezaee, Mohammad; Taheri, Hamidreza

doi:10.2466/05.22.24.27.pms.112.1.161-171

Cited by 32 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…These skills are different, even among athletes. This means that some of these skills are improved due to performing sports skills (33,34), while others are the same between athletes and non-athletes (35).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual Skills of the Female Athletes in Team and Individual Sports

Mohammadi

Rostami

Alborzi

2016

Ann. Appl. Sport Sci

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Visual has always been recognized as one of the most important sensory systems involved in the implementation of many athletic skills because of the close and necessary relationship with performing the movements, and it is considered particularly important by specialists in learning and motor control. Today, in addition to assessing the key indices in athletic performance (physical, medical, psychological and nutritional evaluations), visual skills assessment is also held in great importance. In this regard, the present study aims to answer the question of whether the difference between the visual skills of athletes (team and individual) and non-athletes is significant. For this purpose, 85 subjects (44 non-athletes, 22 athletes in team sports, and 19 athletes in individual sports) participated in this study and were selected using purposive sampling. The research instrument was "sports vision tests of Wilson and Falkel (2004)". The psychometric properties of this test were studied and confirmed through the correlation between the referees and retest method. The results of the statistical analyses showed that there were significant differences between focusing (P=0.001), tracking (P=0.0001), sequencing (p=0.009), eye-hand coordination (P=0.0001), and vergence (P=0.015) of all-girl teams and individual sports athletes with non-athletes. Just as female individual and team sports athletes were better in focusing and tracking than non-athletes, individual sports athletes were better in sequencing than team sports athletes and non-athletes, and non-athletes were better in eye-hand coordination and vergence. However, in regards to visualization, no significant difference was observed between the three groups. According to the results, participation in sports activities, regardless of the type of activity, helps an individual to obtain better abilities in the visual system and its skills. Additionally, the role of visual skills in individual and team fields is different; therefore, due to the importance of vision, it is recommended that coaches consider special planning along with other motor capabilities.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual Skills of the Female Athletes in Team and Individual Sports

Mohammadi

Rostami

Alborzi

2016

Ann. Appl. Sport Sci

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“…The difference between expert and novice referees suggests that these visual skills may be important for officiating in football [ 8 ]. In a subsequent study by the same research team, when expert referees were split into two groups according to their ability in on-field decision-making, the group with better scores showed superior visual skills in visual memory, visual reaction time, peripheral vision, recognition speed, saccadic eye movements, and accommodation facility [ 9 ]. Recently, it was shown that elite referees employ a more effective visual scan pattern than sub-elite level referees when assessing foul play situations [ 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vision in high-level football officials

et al. 2017

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Officiating in football depends, at least to some extent, upon adequate visual function. However, there is no vision standard for football officiating and the nature of the relationship between officiating performance and level of vision is unknown. As a first step in characterising this relationship, we report on the clinically-measured vision and on the perceived level of vision in elite-level, Portuguese football officials. Seventy-one referees (R) and assistant referees (AR) participated in the study, representing 92% of the total population of elite level football officials in Portugal in the 2013/2014 season. Nine of the 22 Rs (40.9%) and ten of the 49 ARs (20.4%) were international-level. Information about visual history was also gathered. Perceived vision was assessed using the preference-values-assigned-to-global-visual-status (PVVS) and the Quality-of-Vision (QoV) questionnaire. Standard clinical vision measures (including visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and stereopsis) were gathered in a subset (n = 44, 62%) of the participants. Data were analysed according to the type (R/AR) and level (international/national) of official, and Bonferroni corrections were applied to reduce the risk of type I errors. Adopting criterion for statistical significance of p<0.01, PVVS scores did not differ between R and AR (p = 0.88), or between national- and international-level officials (p = 0.66). Similarly, QoV scores did not differ between R and AR in frequency (p = 0.50), severity (p = 0.71) or bothersomeness (p = 0.81) of symptoms, or between international-level vs national-level officials for frequency (p = 0.03) or bothersomeness (p = 0.07) of symptoms. However, international-level officials reported less severe symptoms than their national-level counterparts (p<0.01). Overall, 18.3% of officials had either never had an eye examination or if they had, it was more than 3 years previously. Regarding refractive correction, 4.2% had undergone refractive surgery and 23.9% wear contact lenses when officiating. Clinical vision measures in the football officials were similar to published normative values for young, adult populations and similar between R and AR. Clinically-measured vision did not differ according to officiating level. Visual acuity measured with and without a pinhole disc indicated that around one quarter of participants may be capable of better vision when officiating, as evidenced by better acuity (≥1 line of letters) using the pinhole. Amongst the clinical visual tests we used, we did not find evidence for above-average performance in elite-level football officials. Although the impact of uncorrected mild to moderate refractive error upon officiating performance is unknown, with a greater uptake of eye examinations, visual acuity may be improved in around a quarter of officials.

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“…Information found in the literature refers mostly to goalkeepers or referees . Other studies, with field players, have been focused on young players rather than professional players .…”

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confidence: 99%