Visual Fixation Durations and Saccade Amplitudes: Shifting Relationship in a Variety of Conditions

Pannasch, Sebastian; Helmert, Jens R.; Roth, Katharina; Herbold, Ann-Katrin; Walter, Henrik

doi:10.16910/jemr.2.2.4

Cited by 88 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 92 publications

(122 reference statements)

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“…This result is confirmed by the mean face area (around 38 • 58, matching the first mode) and the mean distance between conversation partners (around 108, matching the second mode) present in our stimuli. Moreover, fixation durations were longer (around 420 ms) than usually reported in the literature (250-350 ms), which supports the idea of long explorations of a few regions of interest, like faces (Pannasch, Helmert, Herbold, Roth, & Henrik, 2008;Smith & Mital, 2013).…”

Section: Faces: Strong Gaze Attractorssupporting

confidence: 83%

How saliency, faces, and sound influence gaze in dynamic social scenes

Coutrot¹,

Guyader²

2014

Journal of Vision

132

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Conversation scenes are a typical example in which classical models of visual attention dramatically fail to predict eye positions. Indeed, these models rarely consider faces as particular gaze attractors and never take into account the important auditory information that always accompanies dynamic social scenes. We recorded the eye movements of participants viewing dynamic conversations taking place in various contexts. Conversations were seen either with their original soundtracks or with unrelated soundtracks (unrelated speech and abrupt or continuous natural sounds). First, we analyze how auditory conditions influence the eye movement parameters of participants. Then, we model the probability distribution of eye positions across each video frame with a statistical method (Expectation-Maximization), allowing the relative contribution of different visual features such as static low-level visual saliency (based on luminance contrast), dynamic low level visual saliency (based on motion amplitude), faces, and center bias to be quantified. Through experimental and modeling results, we show that regardless of the auditory condition, participants look more at faces, and especially at talking faces. Hearing the original soundtrack makes participants follow the speech turn-taking more closely. However, we do not find any difference between the different types of unrelated soundtracks. These eyetracking results are confirmed by our model that shows that faces, and particularly talking faces, are the features that best explain the gazes recorded, especially in the original soundtrack condition. Low-level saliency is not a relevant feature to explain eye positions made on social scenes, even dynamic ones. Finally, we propose groundwork for an audiovisual saliency model.

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Section: Faces: Strong Gaze Attractorssupporting

confidence: 83%

How saliency, faces, and sound influence gaze in dynamic social scenes

Coutrot¹,

Guyader²

2014

Journal of Vision

132

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…These findings were unexpected, because participants had no way of knowing which target size would be displayed next, due to the randomized presentation of scenes. Over the course of scene viewing, there is a tendency for fixation durations to increase and saccade amplitudes to decrease (Pannasch, Helmert, Roth, Herbold, & Walter, 2008;Unema, Pannasch, Joos, & Velichkovsky, 2005). In our experiments, search time equates to viewing time, such that the longer search times for small targets could potentially explain the longer fixation durations (but not the larger saccade amplitudes).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

On the relative (un)importance of foveal vision during letter search in naturalistic scenes

2020

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The importance of high-acuity foveal vision to visual search can be assessed by denying foveal vision using the gaze-contingent Moving Mask technique. Foveal vision was necessary to attain normal performance when searching for a target letter in alphanumeric displays, Perception & Psychophysics, 62 (2000) 576-585. In contrast, foveal vision was not necessary to correctly locate and identify medium-sized target objects in natural scenes, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 40 (2014) 342-360. To explore these task differences, we used grayscale pictures of real-world scenes which included a target letter (Experiment 1: T, Experiment 2: T or L). To reduce between-scene variability with regard to target salience, we developed the Target Embedding Algorithm (T.E.A.) to place the letter in a location for which there was a median change in local contrast when inserting the letter into the scene. The presence or absence of foveal vision was crossed with four target sizes. In both experiments, search performance decreased for smaller targets, and was impaired when searching the scene without foveal vision. For correct trials, the process of target localization remained completely unimpaired by the foveal scotoma, but it took longer to accept the target. We reasoned that the size of the target may affect the importance of foveal vision to the task, but the present data remain ambiguous. In summary, the data highlight the importance of extrafoveal vision for target localization, and the importance of foveal vision for target verification during letter-in-scene search.

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“…From viewing patterns (Yarbus, 1967) to average fixation durations (Mackworth and Morandi, 1967), how eye movement parameters behave are well-known. The knowledge of these basic parameters led to more complex research aiming to infer cognitive processes occurring during eye movements (Velichkovsky et al, 2002;Unema et al, 2005;Pannasch et al, 2008). However, with the stimuli diversity that aroused during the last decades, it became crucial to extend and adapt this knowledge to new stimuli types.…”

Section: Conclusion and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous research already highlighted the dynamic of eye movements (Unema et al, 2005;Pannasch et al, 2008;Pannasch and Velichkovsky, 2009). They found that the amplitude of saccades decreased while the duration of fixations increased over time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Similarities and Differences Between Eye and Mouse Dynamics During Web Pages Exploration

et al. 2021

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The study of eye movements is a common way to non-invasively understand and analyze human behavior. However, eye-tracking techniques are very hard to scale, and require expensive equipment and extensive expertise. In the context of web browsing, these issues could be overcome by studying the link between the eye and the computer mouse. Here, we propose new analysis methods, and a more advanced characterization of this link. To this end, we recorded the eye, mouse, and scroll movements of 151 participants exploring 18 dynamic web pages while performing free viewing and visual search tasks for 20 s. The data revealed significant differences of eye, mouse, and scroll parameters over time which stabilize at the end of exploration. This suggests the existence of a task-independent relationship between eye, mouse, and scroll parameters, which are characterized by two distinct patterns: one common pattern for movement parameters and a second for dwelling/fixation parameters. Within these patterns, mouse and eye movements remained consistent with each other, while the scrolling behaved the opposite way.

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Visual Fixation Durations and Saccade Amplitudes: Shifting Relationship in a Variety of Conditions

Cited by 88 publications

References 92 publications

How saliency, faces, and sound influence gaze in dynamic social scenes

How saliency, faces, and sound influence gaze in dynamic social scenes

On the relative (un)importance of foveal vision during letter search in naturalistic scenes

Similarities and Differences Between Eye and Mouse Dynamics During Web Pages Exploration

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