Visual development in infants: physiological and pathological mechanisms

Brémond‐Gignac, Dominique; Copin, Henri; Lapillonne, Alexandre; Milazzo, S.

doi:10.1097/01.icu.0000397180.37316.5d

Cited by 62 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 72 publications

(101 reference statements)

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“…Accordingly, early disruption of proper environmental inputs caused by conditions of visual deprivation or ocular abnormalities can result in long-term or even permanent brain diseases (Brémond-Gignac et al, 2011). Among them, amblyopia (lazy eye) is a severe disorder that, aside from refractive error, is the most common cause of vision loss during infancy, with an estimated prevalence of 1–5% in the population (Holmes and Clarke, 2006).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

New Perspectives in Amblyopia Therapy on Adults: A Critical Role for the Excitatory/Inhibitory Balance

Baroncelli¹,

Maffei²,

Sale³

2011

Front. Cell. Neurosci.

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Amblyopia is the most common form of impairment of visual function affecting one eye, with a prevalence of about 1–5% of the total world population. This pathology is caused by early abnormal visual experience with a functional imbalance between the two eyes owing to anisometropia, strabismus, or congenital cataract, resulting in a dramatic loss of visual acuity in an apparently healthy eye and various other perceptual abnormalities, including deficits in contrast sensitivity and in stereopsis. It is currently accepted that, due to a lack of sufficient plasticity within the brain, amblyopia is untreatable in adulthood. However, recent results obtained both in clinical trials and in animal models have challenged this traditional view, unmasking a previously unsuspected potential for promoting recovery after the end of the critical period for visual cortex plasticity. These studies point toward the intracortical inhibitory transmission as a crucial brake for therapeutic rehabilitation and recovery from amblyopia in the adult brain.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

New Perspectives in Amblyopia Therapy on Adults: A Critical Role for the Excitatory/Inhibitory Balance

Baroncelli¹,

Maffei²,

Sale³

2011

Front. Cell. Neurosci.

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“…In humans, rapid axial growth of the eye globe is seen in fetal development with slowing toward the end of gestation (Fledelius and Christensen, 1996). However, despite this rapid fetal growth, the human eye is not full sized at birth nor is the visual system fully developed; visual signals and nutritional factors contribute to postnatal ocular development in the early years of life (Bremond-Gignac et al, 2011). During childhood development, an active regulatory process of ocular growth, emmetropization, aims to match the optical power of the cornea and lens to the axial length of the eye (Gordon and Donzis, 1985).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Whole genome expression profiling of normal human fetal and adult ocular tissues

Young

Hawthorne

Feng

et al. 2013

Experimental Eye Research

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To study growth and development of ocular tissues, gene expression patterns in normal human fetal versus adult eyes were compared. Human retina/retinal pigment epithelium, choroid, sclera, optic nerve* and cornea* tissues were dissected from fetal (24 week gestational age) (N = 9; *N = 6), and adult (N = 6) normal donor eyes. The Illumina® whole genome expression microarray platform was used to assess differential expression. Statistical significance for all comparisons was determined using the Benjamin and Hochberg False Discovery Rate (FDR, 5%). Significant gene expression fold changes > 1.5 were found in adult versus fetal retina/RPE (N = 1185), choroid (N = 6446), sclera (N = 1349), and cornea (N = 3872), but not optic nerve. Genes showing differential expression were assessed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) for enriched functions and canonical pathways. In all tissues, development, cell death/growth, cancer functions, and signaling canonical pathways were enriched. There was also a general trend of down-regulation of collagen genes in adult tissues.

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“…The precise timetable for myelination of the supranuclear oculomotor pathways for smooth pursuit and saccadic eye movements has not been fully established, but maturation of smooth pursuit eye movements usually peaks over the first 6 months of life [4,5]. Abnormalities of gaze, especially limitation of the upward gaze known as the ‘setting sun' sign, are frequently and rightfully regarded as ‘alarming'.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Horizontal Tonic Conjugate Gaze Deviation in a 4-Week-Old Infant: What Can the Eyes (of the Parents) Tell?

Gadoth

Benni²,

Constantini³

et al. 2015

Pediatr Neurosurg

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A 4-week-old healthy infant failed to make eye contact when approached from the left. When evaluated by us at the age of 11 weeks, left tonic conjugate gaze deviation was noted. Brain MRI showed a left frontotemporal large tension arachnoid cyst causing right falcial herniation. During the insertion of an Ommaya reservoir, hemosiderin was found to be coating the inner wall of the cyst, which may indicate that the asymptomatic cyst evolved to a tension cyst due to spontaneous hemorrhage. Surgical decompression resulted in complete restoration of the horizontal gaze and considerable reduction in the size of the cyst. After 3 months a cystoperitoneal shunt was placed due to increased intracranial pressure secondary to impaired drainage of the cyst. Since then the infant has done well, with normal developmental and neurological examination during his last follow-up at the age of 5 years. Although gaze central ocular motor control is still underdeveloped and chaotic eye movements are present during early infancy, the present case report reminds us that a thorough examination of eye movements should not be overlooked during neurodevelopmental evaluation.

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Visual development in infants: physiological and pathological mechanisms

Cited by 62 publications

References 72 publications

New Perspectives in Amblyopia Therapy on Adults: A Critical Role for the Excitatory/Inhibitory Balance

New Perspectives in Amblyopia Therapy on Adults: A Critical Role for the Excitatory/Inhibitory Balance

Whole genome expression profiling of normal human fetal and adult ocular tissues

Horizontal Tonic Conjugate Gaze Deviation in a 4-Week-Old Infant: What Can the Eyes (of the Parents) Tell?

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