Visual control when aiming at a far target.

Vickers, Joan N.

doi:10.1037/0096-1523.22.2.342

Cited by 385 publications

(529 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Four gaze behaviors were initially calculated: number of fixations, fixation location, fixation duration, and duration of final fixation. A fixation was defined as when the participant's gaze remained within three degrees of visual angle of a location or moving object for a minimum duration of 120 ms (Vickers, 1996). Final fixation was defined as the last fixation on the screen prior to the video occluding.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The coupling between gaze behavior and opponent kinematics during anticipation of badminton shots

Alder

Ford

Causer

et al. 2014

Human Movement Science

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a b s t r a c tPurpose: We examined links between the kinematics of an opponent's actions and the visual search behaviors of badminton players responding to those actions. Method: A kinematic analysis of international standard badminton players (n = 4) was undertaken as they completed a range of serves. Video of these players serving was used to create a life-size temporal occlusion test to measure anticipation responses. Expert (n = 8) and novice (n = 8) badminton players anticipated serve location while wearing an eye movement registration system. Results: During the execution phase of the opponent's movement, the kinematic analysis showed between-shot differences in distance traveled and peak acceleration at the shoulder, elbow, wrist and racket. Experts were more accurate at responding to the serves compared to novice players. Expert players fixated on the kinematic locations that were most discriminating between serve types more frequently and for a longer duration compared to novice players. Moreover, players were generally more accurate at responding to serves when they fixated vision upon the discriminating arm and racket kinematics.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The coupling between gaze behavior and opponent kinematics during anticipation of badminton shots

Alder

Ford

Causer

et al. 2014

Human Movement Science

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“…An increase in anxiety has been reported to reduce the efficiency of gaze Anxiety & Performance 5 behavior in a multitude of perceptual-motor tasks (Janelle, 2002) as indexed by higher search rates, (Williams, Vickers, & Rodrigues, 2002), an inefficient use of the fovea (Williams & Elliott, 1999), and a shorter quiet eye (QE) duration (Behan & Wilson, 2008). The QE was defined by Vickers (1996) as the final fixation or tracking gaze that is located on a specific location or object in the visuo-motor workspace within 3° of visual angle for a minimum of 100ms. During this period, the performer is thought to set the final parameters of the movement to be executed and to engage in the cognitive programming required for successful aiming to a target (Williams, Singer, & Frehlich, 2002).…”

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confidence: 99%

Anxiety, movement kinematics, and visual attention in elite-level performers.

Causer

Holmes

Smith

et al. 2011

Emotion

116

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We tested the predictions of Attentional Control Theory (ACT) by examining the effect of anxiety on attention control and the subsequent influence on both performance effectiveness and performance efficiency within a perceptual-motor context. A sample (N ϭ 16) of elite shotgun shooters was tested under counterbalanced low (practice) and high (competition) anxiety conditions. A head-mounted, corneal reflection system allowed point of gaze to be calculated in relation to the scene, while motion of the gun was evaluated using markers placed on the barrel which were captured by two stationary cameras and analyzed using optical tracking software. The quiet eye (QE) duration and onset were analyzed along with gun barrel displacement and variability; performance outcome scores (successful vs. unsuccessful) were also recorded. QE (Vickers, 1996) is defined as the final fixation or tracking gaze that is located on a specific location/object in the visual display for a minimum of 100 ms. Longer QE durations have been linked to successful performance in previous research involving aiming tasks. Participants demonstrated shorter quiet eye durations, and less efficient gun motion, along with a decreased performance outcome (fewer successful trials) under high compared with low anxiety conditions. The data support the predictions of ACT with anxiety disrupting control processes such that goal-directed attention was compromised, leading to a significant impairment in performance effectiveness.

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“…A successful shooting performance depends on pre-programmed movements supported by specific visual information taken before and during the throwing process. An examination with female elite basketball players exercising free throws exhibited a fixation of gaze relatively long at the target before initiating the free-throw (Vickers, 1996). The phase of target fixation of experts lasts more than twice as long as non-experts and seems to be critical…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Shot quality depends on the performer's skill, the space and time the player got to execute the shot, and the distance to the basket (Clauss, Schmidt, 1996). Specific visual information before and during the action promotes a successful shooting performance, because the shooter accesses pre-programmed movements (Vickers, 1996). Shot selection depends on player's preferences (usually, every player has his own sweet spot, that describes a particular spot on the court, where the athlete feels most comfortable shooting).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Importance of Directly Derived Information in the Basketball Jump Shot. A Comparison of Changed Visual Conditions from Different Shooting Spots

Pohl

Böker

Hennig

et al. 2017

Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine

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The basketball jump shot as a movement, allowing visual feedback based corrections, can be considered as a generalized or a specialized motor skill. The purpose of this study is to look into the connection between visual perception and the specialization of a motor skill. Therefore, six male basketball players were asked to perform jump shots under different viewing conditions from their favourite spot (sweet spot) and a second, middle-distance spot. The question was, if performance is affected by the changed visual conditions and whether the shooting spot plays a role in a potentially change in performance. The different visual conditions were first, a regular basketball hoop with no adjustment, second a regular basketball hoop with a covered backboard, and third a regular basketball hoop with a covered rim. Between the different visual conditions, performance did not differ significantly, neither from the sweet spot, nor from the neutral defined spot. However, players showed a significantly better performance from sweet spot than from the neutral spot under regular viewing conditions.

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Visual control when aiming at a far target.

Cited by 385 publications

References 32 publications

The coupling between gaze behavior and opponent kinematics during anticipation of badminton shots

The coupling between gaze behavior and opponent kinematics during anticipation of badminton shots

Anxiety, movement kinematics, and visual attention in elite-level performers.

The Importance of Directly Derived Information in the Basketball Jump Shot. A Comparison of Changed Visual Conditions from Different Shooting Spots

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