Visual Communication Effects: Photography

Bock, Mary Angela

doi:10.1002/9781118783764.wbieme0141

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Media professionals are aware that the iconic, symbolic, and expressive weight of photography is more significant than that of any written text (Mandell;Shaw, 1973;Messaris;Abraham, 2001; Ramírez-Alvarado, 2011), particularly nowadays, when societies have become more visual than ever due to content overload and its increasingly ephemeral nature. Given the iconic nature of photography, photographs always seem closer to the truth, so much so that spectators tend to ignore the possibility of there being a biased construction with an underlying symbolic and ideological reality (Bock, 2017;Rodríguez;Dimitrova, 2011). Images are easier to interpret by the public as they does not require previous knowledge of representation rules (Zillmann;Gibson;Sargent, 1999), making them the perfect tool to frame, transmit, reinforce, or construct ideas and perceptions.…”

Section: Connotative Visual Framesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of negative visual frames of immigrants and refugees in the main media of Southern Europe

Amores

Calderón

Blanco‐Herrero

2020

EPI

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The Mediterranean migration crisis especially affects three Southern European countries that represent the main gateways into the continent for immigrants and asylum seekers: Spain, Italy, and Greece. In recent years, feelings of rejection towards migration have been increasing in all of them, accompanied by a simultaneous increase in the number of hate crimes. Similarly, the representation of these groups in European news media seems to have worsened, especially since 2015, the year in which the migratory crisis significantly worsened. This coverage could be affecting European citizens on emotional, cognitive, and attitudinal levels and thus should be rigorously analyzed. The present study is based on the theory of framing and, specifically, on visual framing to analyze the connotative representations of immigrants and refugees spread by the reference media of Southern Europe through images, paying more attention to the negative frames in particular, which represent displaced people as a burden or threat. Specifically, 360 photographs taken between 2014 and 2019 and published by the main media in Spain, Italy, and Greece were subject to content analysis. The findings show a temporal increase in the negative visual frames of immigrants and refugees in the analyzed media. Differences were also found between countries, with Greece presenting a higher percentage of images with negative frames, as well as a greater predominance of this type of frame compared with the other countries. Finally, differences were identified between the media themselves, including the Greek Kathimerini, a media outlet that stands out for the amount and prevalence of photographs framing immigrants and asylum seekers as a burden and threat. Resumen La crisis migratoria del Mediterráneo afecta especialmente a tres países del sur de Europa, que son la principal puerta de entrada de inmigrantes y solicitantes de asilo en el continente. Estos países son España, Italia y Grecia, y en todos ellos los sentimientos de rechazo a la migración han ido en aumento en los últimos años, acompañados por el incremento simultáneo de los delitos de odio. De igual forma, la representación de estos grupos en los medios informativos europeos parece haber empeorado, especialmente a partir de 2015, año en el que la crisis migratoria se agravó mucho. Esta cobertura podría estar afectando a las actitudes de los ciudadanos europeos hacia los desplazados, por lo que conviene analizarla de manera rigurosa. El presente estudio se basa en la teoría del encuadre y, en específico, en el visual framing para analizar los marcos connotativos de inmigrantes y refugiados que transmiten los medios de referencia del sur de Europa a través de sus imágenes durante la crisis migratoria, prestando una mayor atención a los marcos negativos, los que representan a estas personas como una carga o amenaza. Así, a través de un análisis de contenido se examinaron 360 fotografías publicadas por los principales medios de España, Italia y Grecia entre 2014 y 2019. Los resultados muestran un incremento temporal de los marcos visuales negativos de inmigrantes y refugiados en los medios analizados. También se encontraron diferencias entre países, presentando Grecia un mayor porcentaje de imágenes con marcos negativos, así como una mayor predominancia de los marcos negativos que el resto de países. Por último, se identificaron diferencias entre los propios medios, siendo el griego Kathimerini el que destaca por tener una mayor presencia de imágenes con marcos de carga y de amenaza, y una mayor predominancia de estos marcos en sus fotografías.

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Section: Connotative Visual Framesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of negative visual frames of immigrants and refugees in the main media of Southern Europe

Amores

Calderón

Blanco‐Herrero

2020

EPI

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“…News photographs are commonly perceived by the readers as documenting reality (Bock, 2017). However, more than being records of reality, refugee photographs are the records of how the photographers decide to photograph refugees and how the newspaper editors decide to contextualise the refugee issue.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social Exclusion of Women Refugees in Public Imagination: Underrepresentation and Depersonalisation

Pandır

2022

Ortadoğu Ve Göç

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This paper studies the news images of Syrian women refugees and the representational practices employed in them to question how these portraying practices position women refugees, and in so doing how they act as a support or barrier for their social acceptance and inclusion in the host community. Analysed are the newspaper photographs of Syrian women refugees published in top-selling four Turkish newspapers in 2015. Using a content analysis fed by visual analysis, the ways of visually portraying women refugees is studied by investigating the representational elements and practices in the images, which are subject, theme, camera distance, camera angle and location. The findings reveal that Syrian women refugees are underrepresented and in the rare cases of their appearance, the way they are portrayed position them as distant, passive and depersonalised subjects as part of the masses. The underrepresentation and depersonalisation of women refugees, who are among the vulnerable women group 1) erase the individual life stories and varied lived experiences of women refugees from public imagination and deny the female refugee agency, 2) prevent the emergence of the public talk on the women refugee problems, which in turn 3) prevent the formation of a social understanding and empathy towards women refugees. Thus, it is argued that the ways in which Syrian women refugees are portrayed in the media act as barriers for their social inclusion.

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“…Ini menjadi lebih kompleks dengan kemungkinan dari makna visual. Artinya, foto tidak dapat berdiri sendiri, namun interpretasinya berubah disesuaikan dengan materi, budaya, sejarah, spasial, temporal, dan linguistik [12].…”

Section: Hasil Dan Analisisunclassified

Analisis Semiotika Visual Orang Desa sebagai Objek Fotografi Okka Supardan

Prayoga

2022

sasak

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Instagram is currently a tool for photography lovers. Many professional photographers use Instagram for their work. One of them was done by a local photographer from Majalengka, West Java, Okka Supardan. Through his Instagram account, Okka tries to present the ins and outs of natural life in the village which he displays through his photograph. This study aims to describe the meaning of photos in Okka Supardan's photography and how the village people are visualized. By using the discourse analysis method, the researcher tries to see and analyze some photos of Okka Suppardan with the semiotic study of Roland Barthes. The results of the study indicate that there is a desire from photographers to show life in the countryside today which has been assimilated with technological attributes that are identical to the times.

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Visual Communication Effects: Photography

Cited by 10 publications

References 23 publications

Evolution of negative visual frames of immigrants and refugees in the main media of Southern Europe

Evolution of negative visual frames of immigrants and refugees in the main media of Southern Europe

Social Exclusion of Women Refugees in Public Imagination: Underrepresentation and Depersonalisation

Analisis Semiotika Visual Orang Desa sebagai Objek Fotografi Okka Supardan

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