Visual and Verbal Feedback and its Effect upon Acquisition and Retention of a Projectile Skill

Feedback for Promoting Motor Skill Learning in Physical Education: A Trial Sequential Meta-Analysis

“…One article was included after a manual search of the reference lists of 14 included studies and review articles on related topics. Finally, 15 articles were eligible for this trial sequential meta-analysis [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ].…”

“…The participants of the study ranged from elementary school to college, and most of the students were beginners in their motor skills. Different motor skills were used as instructional content, including eight studies with complex tasks [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 36 , 37 , 42 , 43 , 44 ], four studies with simple tasks [ 17 , 35 , 40 , 41 ], and three studies that combined complex and simple tasks [ 18 , 38 , 39 ]. The forms of feedback used in the research were mainly visual and verbal feedback.…”

“…The risk of bias is shown in Figure 2 . Twelve studies reported random sequence generation [ 17 , 18 , 20 , 21 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 42 , 43 , 44 ], and twelve studies used the concealed allocation approach [ 17 , 18 , 20 , 21 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 42 , 43 , 44 ]. Only two studies designed the protocol in order that participants were blinded [ 38 , 42 ].…”

“…Only two studies designed the protocol in order that participants were blinded [ 38 , 42 ]. Twelve studies referred to blinding of outcome assessment [ 17 , 18 , 20 , 21 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 42 , 43 , 44 ]. Two studies were unclear about reporting incomplete outcome data [ 20 , 35 ].…”

“…Twelve studies referred to blinding of outcome assessment [ 17 , 18 , 20 , 21 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 42 , 43 , 44 ]. Two studies were unclear about reporting incomplete outcome data [ 20 , 35 ]. Null study related to selective reporting.…”