“…Pharmaceutical residues can disrupt ecosystems, contribute to antibiotic resistance, and lead to various health issues, including allergies and poisoning. Monitoring and controlling pharmaceutical residues are crucial to mitigate these risks [ 65 , 69 , 81 , 88 , 105 , 137 , 138 , 139 , 140 , 141 , 142 , 143 , 144 , 145 , 146 , 147 , 148 , 149 , 150 ] ( Figure 6 b). One fundamental mechanism in detecting pharmaceutical residues is related to electron transfer processes.…”