“…It is attributed to the effects resulted from the higher amount of oxygen vacancies (Fig. 5d) [39], as well as the added Er 3+ , Tm 3+ , and Yb 3+ ions, and the formed CaF 2 in ETY-FCZ. The photogenerated electrons can be trapped by the tervalent lanthanides (Er 3+ , Tm 3+ , and Yb 3+ ) to form divalent lanthanides [40][41][42].…”