Visible and Long-Wavelength Cationic Photopolymerization

Sangermano, Marco; Crivello, James V.

doi:10.1021/bk-2003-0847.ch021

Cited by 31 publications

(18 citation statements)

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“…The major drawback of onium type initiators is their low spectral response at high wavelengths. In attempt to extend the sensitivity to higher wavelengths, onium salts were combined in a two component system in conjunction with photosensitizers . Onium salts can, thus, be activated by photosensitizers with favorable absorption characteristics in mechanistically different pathways involving electron transfer reactions in exciplexes, charge transfer complex, and with free radicals .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In attempt to extend the sensitivity to higher wavelengths, onium salts were combined in a two component system in conjunction with photosensitizers. [20][21][22] Onium salts can, thus, be activated by photosensitizers with favorable absorption characteristics in mechanistically different pathways involving electron transfer reactions in exciplexes, [23][24][25] charge transfer complex, 26 and with free radicals. 27,28 However, solubility, compatibility, migration, and cost make bi-component systems less attractive for industrial applications.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Diphenylphenacyl sulfonium salt as dual photoinitiator for free radical and cationic polymerizations

Kaya

Kreutzer

Yagci

2017

J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem.

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Diphenylphenacylsulfonium tetrafluoroborate (DPPS+BF4–) salt possessing both phenacyl and sulfonium structural units was synthesized and characterized. DPPS+BF4– absorbs light at relatively higher wavelengths. The direct and sensitized initiation activity of the salt in both cationic and free radical photopolymerizations was investigated and compared with that of its analogue triphenylsulfonium tetrafluoroborate (TPS+BF4–). Differential scanning photocalorimetry and conventional gravimetric studies revealed that DPPS+BF4– showed higher efficiency for direct and sensitized photopolymerizations of most of the monomers investigated. Although, principally both homolytic and/or heterolytic cleavage is possible, theoretical studies suggested that homolytic pathway is more favored for the generation of reactive initiating species. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 451–457

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Diphenylphenacyl sulfonium salt as dual photoinitiator for free radical and cationic polymerizations

Kaya

Kreutzer

Yagci

2017

J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem.

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“…Taking sulfonium salts as an example, via a heterolytic process the sulfonium salt is raised to a singlet-state, which then relaxes to give Ph 2 S and Ph + (from Ph 3 S + ). The Ph + moiety can then react with e.g., an alkyl group (this may be the solvent, polymer or monomer [48,[62][63][64][65]) to yield a proton and PhR (see Figure 22). Via the heterolytic splitting of the initiator can be considered as an acid generator or photoacid generator (PAG).…”

Section: Lewis Acidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ring-Opening Polymerization—An Introductory Review

Nuyken

Pask²

2013

Polymers

356

265

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We would like to dedicate this article to P. H. Plesch, a pioneer of cationic polymerization and a mentor and friend for many of those who are now at the forefront of this field of science. He passed away 5 March 2013 at the age of 95. We will miss him. Abstract: This short, introductory review covers the still rapidly growing and industrially important field of ring opening polymerization (ROP). The review is organized according to mechanism (radical ROP (RROP), cationic ROP (CROP), anionic ROP (AROP) and ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP)) rather than monomer classes. Nevertheless, the different groups of cyclic monomers are considered (olefins, ethers, thioethers, amines, lactones, thiolactones, lactams, disulfides, anhydrides, carbonates, silicones, phosphazenes and phosphonites) and the mechanisms by which they can be polymerized involving a ring-opening polymerization. Literature up to 2012 has been considered but the citations selected refer to detailed reviews and key papers, describing not only the latest developments but also the evolution of the current state of the art.

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“…Light‐induced polymerization has attracted increasing interest in the last few decades because industrial applications concern several different areas such as surface coatings, microelectronics, adhesives and printing inks 1–6. Although the majority of the growing interest deals with free radical polymerization,2, 5 much effort has been devoted to cationic polymerization 1, 7–9. Various families of initiators used in the photoinitiation of cationic polymerizations are based on the use of certain onium salts1, 9 such as diphenyliodonium,10, 11 alkoxypyridinium12 and triphenylsulfonium13 salts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rapid advances in cationic polymerization have been made possible by the development of initiators, or initiator and co‐initiator combinations, having enough wavelength flexibility for various formulations. Such flexibility for photoinitiated cationic polymerization using onium salts has been achieved by photosensitizers,9, 14, 15 charge transfer complexes16 and free radicals 17–19. However, the use of systems of more than one component for photoinitiation may not be so successful due to some unresolved problems such as solubility and compatibility of the components and high costs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%