Visceral Leishmaniasis and Natural Infection Rates of Leishmania in Lutzomyia longipalpis in Latin America

Abstract

Fruits and vegetables are the most important sources of phytochemicals. Phytochemicals use for both human diets and natural antimicrobial agents in food preservation. Their beneits for health are mainly due to high antioxidant activity. Antimicrobials of plant origin are known as secondary metabolites that could play a role not only individually or jointly against food-borne pathogens but also contribute to food lavor. Phytochemicals have a strong efect on control and prevention of natural spoilage processes and growth of microorganisms, including pathogens causing food safety issues. Microorganisms are always associated with harvested plants and slaughtered animals, the basic unprocessed materials of the food industry. Since foods consumed by humans undergo several processing treatments, it is important to understand the efect of such treatments on the phytochemical composition of foods.

Detection of multiple circulating Leishmania species in Lutzomyia longipalpis in the city of Governador Valadares, southeastern Brazil

“…Two approaches have been used to identify the presence of Leishmania DNA in sand flies. The gold-standard method used to study the rate of natural infection in endemic areas has been the digestive tract dissection of female sand flies, permitting the direct observation of the parasites [33, 34]. However, this technique is laborious, time-consuming, difficult to process a large number of samples and does not allow the identification of genus and species [33–35].…”

“…However, this technique is laborious, time-consuming, difficult to process a large number of samples and does not allow the identification of genus and species [33–35]. Alternatively, molecular techniques, such as PCR, are highly specific and more sensitive, allowing the detection of a single parasite depending on the used primer [34, 36, 37]. The use of PCR for detection of Leishmania DNA in sand flies is a useful technique for the identification of putative vectors in different geographical areas [35, 38–41].…”

“…Natural infection rates by Leishmania in Lu . longipalpis are still poorly investigated even in VL endemic areas [34]. The majority of epidemiological surveys of Lu .…”

“…The majority of epidemiological surveys of Lu . longipalpis , which is the principal vector of American VL [6, 51], has been conducted in Brazil [34, 45]. Studies developed in other Latin American countries presented a natural infection rate in Lu .…”

Hiperendemia de leishmaniose tegumentar na fronteira trinacional da Amazônia sul-ocidental: aspectos de adaptabilidade humana

“…Os sintomas da LV são febre alta e irregular, tosse, perda de peso, anemia ou pancitopenia, hepatoesplenomegalia, linfadenopatia e fadiga. Sua ocorrência é endêmica em 12 países da América Latina e o Brasil destaca-se com o registro de 96% dos casos de LV (WEINA, 2004;LIDANI, 2017;OPAS/OMS, 2017).…”