Virus-specific T cells as correlate of (cross-)protective immunity against influenza

Controlled human infection with RSV: The opportunities of experimental challenge

“…The likelihood of infection occurring in spite of having been vaccinated against RSV will therefore be substantial. T cell-inducing vaccines have a number of theoretical advantages, including the amelioration of disease if infection does occur; the potential to protect against multiple strains of the same virus in the face of some antigenic change; and helping B cells produce high affinity antibodies [43]. However, in primary RSV infection, T cells arise late and are not thought to contribute significantly to protection [7].…”

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“…T-cells CD4 + were shown to control the influenza infection by the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines as well as by the lysis of the infected cells and synergy with naive B-lymphocytes or CD8 + cells [27,40,41]. Furthermore, the CD4 + cells play an important role in the formation and support of memory cells [42]. It was shown that CD8 + T-cells determine the accelerated virus clearance from the body [43].…”

Universal influenza vaccines, science fiction or soon reality?

“…In animal models, it was shown that heterosubtypic immunity is induced by influenza virus infection and that this largely correlated with the induction of cross-reactive T cells [12]. The majority of virus-specific T cells, especially CD8 + cytotoxic T lymphocytes, is directed against relatively conserved proteins like the nucleoprotein and the matrix 1 protein (M1) [13]. Indeed, human CD8 + T cells induced after infection with seasonal influenza A viruses display considerable cross-reactivity with viruses of other subtypes, including the avian H5N1 and H7N9 viruses and the swine-origin pandemic H1N1 [14][15][16].…”