Virus Removal in Hawaiian Soils

Young, Reginald H.F.; Burbank, Nathan C

doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1973.tb01903.x

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Previous studies have indicated that human enteric viruses can survive for extended periods in some soil environments (8,11). Most investigators have reported only slight movement of viruses through soils during percolation of various liquids (4,6,16,21). Recent reports by Wellings et al (20) and Schaub et al (17) suggest, however, that in some soil systems enteric viruses can be recovered at considerable distances from their source.…”

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Poliovirus survival and movement in a sandy forest soil

Duboise¹,

Moore²,

Sagik³

1976

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Movement of poliovirus I (Chat) through nonsterile core samples of a sandy forest soil was monitored, using several regimens of loading with either dechlorinated final effluent from an operating activated sludge treatment plant or distilled water. Simulated cycles of rainfall and effluent applications, resulting in ionic gradients, were shown to affect virus movement. Such studies indicate that poliovirus applied in effluents may move considerable distances through this soil after rainfall. Survival of poliovirus in the soil at 4 and 20 C has been monitored for 84 days. During this period, the capacity of the virus to migrate is unchanged.

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Poliovirus survival and movement in a sandy forest soil

Duboise¹,

Moore²,

Sagik³

1976

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Virus removal by soil is believed largely due to adsorption, in contrast to bacteria which are removed by a combination of filtration, sedimentation, and adsorption (4,11). Few studies which have been done on viral adsorption to soil have used poliovirus and/or certain bacteriophages as the indicator viruses for predicting the adsorptive behavior of all enteric viruses (2,4,5,11,16,18,30). It has been found, however, that coliphages do not necessarily behave in the same manner as poliovirus in their adsorption to soils (30).…”

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“…Few studies which have been done on viral adsorption to soil have used poliovirus and/or certain bacteriophages as the indicator viruses for predicting the adsorptive behavior of all enteric viruses (2,4,5,11,16,18,30). It has been found, however, that coliphages do not necessarily behave in the same manner as poliovirus in their adsorption to soils (30). The present study was undertaken to compare the adsorption of a number of different types and strains of human enteroviruses, a simian rotavirus, and bacteriophages to different types of soils.…”

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Comparative adsorption of human enteroviruses, simian rotavirus, and selected bacteriophages to soils

Goyal¹,

Gerba²

1979

Appl Environ Microbiol

177

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Virus adsorption to soils is considered to be the most important factor in removing viruses after land treatment of wastewater. Most of the studies on virus adsorption to soils have utilized poliovirus as the model system. In the present study, comparative adsorption of a number of different types and strains of human enteroviruses and bacteriophages to nine different soil types was studied. Under the experimental conditions of this study, greater than 90% of all viruses adsorbed to a sandy loam soil except echovirus types 1, 12, and 29 and a simian rotavirus (SA-11), which adsorbed to a considerably lower degree. A great deal of variability was observed between adsorption of different strains of echovirus type 1, indicating that viral adsorption to soils is highly strain dependent. Of the five phages studied, f2 and OX174 adsorbed the least. In addition to being dependent on type and strain of virus, adsorption was found to be influenced also by type of soil. Thus, soils having a saturated pH of less than 5 were generally good adsorbers. From these results, it appears that no one enterovirus or coliphage can be used as the sole model for determining the adsorptive behavior of viruses to soils and that no single soil can be used as the model for determining viral adsorptive capacity of all soil types. Land application of sewage sludge and effluent for recycling of resources as well as abatement of pollution is being practiced in about 1,000 communities in the United States today (17). This kind of use is expected to increase after the passage of Public Laws 92-500 and 95-217. Since secondary treatment of sewage does not remove all viruses present in domestic sewage (12, 15), it is necessary to determine the fate of viruses after the application of wastewater on land. Factors affecting virus removal during land treatment of wastewater, such as adsorption to soils, have not been studied extensively, and little is known about the fate of human viruses applied to soil. If viruses are not retained by the soil, they may migrate vertically, resulting in groundwater contamination. Enteroviruses have, in fact, been found in groundwater after land treatment of wastewater (26-29).

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“…Since viruses are coated by proteins which are amphoteric, their adsorption in the soil is pH dependent, 35 with adsorption being more rapid at low than at high pH. 3 6 Adsorption of viruses in soil is also affected by the concentration and type of cations in the wastewater or soil solution.…”

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confidence: 99%