Virus Activation and Immune Function During Intense Training in Rugby Football Players

Yamauchi, Ryohei; Shimizu, Kazuhiro; Kimura, Fuminori; Takemura, Masashi; Akama, Takao; Kono, Ichiro; Akimoto, Takayuki

doi:10.1055/s-0031-1271674

Cited by 33 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(42 reference statements)

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“…An increase in URTIs has been linked to decreased sIgA concentrations following a soccer match [88], basketball game [137], at least 3 h a week endurance training [79], American Football [138], swimming [85], and rugby union [35,139]. In contrast, no relationship between URTI incidence and sIgA following a 84-km ultra-marathon was observed [140], while similar observations have been seen in soccer [131], military training [141], and yachting [87].…”

Section: Salivary Immunoglobulinsmentioning

confidence: 80%

Realising the Potential of Urine and Saliva as Diagnostic Tools in Sport and Exercise Medicine

Lindsay

Costello

2016

Sports Med

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Accurate monitoring of homeostatic perturbations following various psychophysiological stressors is essential in sports and exercise medicine. Various biomarkers are routinely used as monitoring tools in both clinical and elite sport settings. Blood collection and muscle biopsies, both invasive in nature, are considered the gold standard for the analysis of these biomarkers in exercise science. Exploring non-invasive methods of collecting and analysing biomarkers that are capable of providing accurate information regarding exercise-induced physiological and psychological stress is of obvious practical importance. This review describes the potential benefits, and the limitations, of using saliva and urine to ascertain biomarkers capable of identifying important stressors that are routinely encountered before, during, or after intense or unaccustomed exercise, competition, over-training, and inappropriate recovery. In particular, we focus on urinary and saliva biomarkers that have previously been used to monitor muscle damage, inflammation, cardiovascular stress, oxidative stress, hydration status, and brain distress. Evidence is provided from a range of empirical studies suggesting that urine and saliva are both capable of identifying various stressors. Although additional research regarding the efficacy of using urine and/or saliva to indicate the severity of exercise-induced psychophysiological stress is required, it is likely that these non-invasive biomarkers will represent "the future" in sports and exercise medicine.

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Section: Salivary Immunoglobulinsmentioning

confidence: 80%

Realising the Potential of Urine and Saliva as Diagnostic Tools in Sport and Exercise Medicine

Lindsay

Costello

2016

Sports Med

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“…SIgA plays a crucial role in mucosal immune function and is the first line of defense for the human body against pathogenic microbial invasion [23]. Previous studies have reported an association between SIgA concentrations and risks of infection [24-26]. Therefore, it is of interest whether oral supplementation with chlorella can increase the salivary or intestinal-fluid SIgA secretion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salivary Secretory Immunoglobulin a secretion increases after 4-weeks ingestion of chlorella-derived multicomponent supplement in humans: a randomized cross over study

Otsuki

Shimizu

Iemitsu

et al. 2011

Nutr J

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BackgroundChlorella, a unicellular green alga that grows in fresh water, contains high levels of proteins, vitamins, minerals, and dietary fibers. Some studies have reported favorable immune function-related effects on biological secretions such as blood and breast milk in humans who have ingested a chlorella-derived multicomponent supplement. However, the effects of chlorella-derived supplement on mucosal immune functions remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether chlorella ingestion increases the salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) secretion in humans using a blind, randomized, crossover study design.MethodsFifteen men took 30 placebo and 30 chlorella tablets per day for 4 weeks separated by a 12-week washout period. Before and after each trial, saliva samples were collected from a sterile cotton ball that was chewed after overnight fasting. Salivary SIgA concentrations were measured using ELISA.ResultsCompliance rates for placebo and chlorella ingestions were 97.0 ± 1.0% and 95.3 ± 1.6%, respectively. No difference was observed in salivary SIgA concentrations before and after placebo ingestion (P = 0.38). However, salivary SIgA concentrations were significantly elevated after chlorella ingestion compared to baseline (P < 0.01). No trial × period interaction was identified for the saliva flow rates. Although the SIgA secretion rate was not affected by placebo ingestion (P = 0.36), it significantly increased after 4-week chlorella ingestion than before intake (P < 0.01).ConclusionsThese results suggest 4-week ingestion of a chlorella-derived multicomponent supplement increases salivary SIgA secretion and possibly improves mucosal immune function in humans.

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“…In football players during training, the illnesses reported were consistently preceded by decreased sIgA which coincided with increased training load 27 28. Interestingly, 82% of the illnesses reported were associated with a preceding decrease in sIgA 27.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Is baseline aerobic fitness associated with illness and attrition rate in military training?

2016

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Respiratory illnesses are a leading cause of morbidity and medical discharge in the military. This study aimed to investigate the effects of baseline aerobic fitness on haematological, salivary and mood variables, and simultaneously, in a novel approach, to identify factors precipitating illness and attrition rate in recruits during military training.Thirty-five healthy male recruits from an Army Training Regiment undertaking 12 weeks of training were prospectively investigated. Their 2.4 km run time (RT) was used as a surrogate of baseline aerobic fitness.Saliva and venous blood samples were analysed for secretory IgA, full blood counts and cell cytokine production (interleukin (IL) 6 and IL-8), respectively. Each recruit completed questionnaires on mood profile, and gastrointestinal and upper respiratory tract symptoms (URTS).Significant salivary and haematological perturbations were observed and coincided with increased duration of URTS/week and mood disturbance over this military training period. From Start to End: leucocyte count decreased by 28% (p<0.001); neutrophil percentage (%) decreased by 13% (p<0.01); lymphocyte % increased by 17% (p<0.05); the neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio decreased by 22% (p<0.01); eosinophil% increased by 71% (p<0.01). From Start to Mid to End: monocyte% increased by 68% at Mid (p<0.01) but only by 30% at End (p<0.01); IL-6 increased by 39% at Mid (p<0.01) and a further 61% by End. The 2.4 km RT was significantly associated with URTS duration (p<0.01). In addition, a 1-min increase in 2.4 km RT increased a recruit's risk 9.8-fold of developing URTS lasting, on average, 3.36 days/week. In recruits ranked with high-URTS duration their RT was 48 s slower (p<0.01) than those with low-URTS, and their attrition rate reached 45%.The least fit recruits may have found training more physically demanding as reflected in the higher URTS duration, which may have led to a high attrition rate from the Army. It is worth considering that baseline aerobic fitness might be an important factor in illness development and attrition rate in recruits during this type of military training.

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Virus Activation and Immune Function During Intense Training in Rugby Football Players

Cited by 33 publications

References 35 publications

Realising the Potential of Urine and Saliva as Diagnostic Tools in Sport and Exercise Medicine

Realising the Potential of Urine and Saliva as Diagnostic Tools in Sport and Exercise Medicine

Salivary Secretory Immunoglobulin a secretion increases after 4-weeks ingestion of chlorella-derived multicomponent supplement in humans: a randomized cross over study

Is baseline aerobic fitness associated with illness and attrition rate in military training?

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