Virucidal or Not Virucidal? That Is the Question—Predictability of Ionic Liquid’s Virucidal Potential in Biological Test Systems

Sommer, Julia; Fister, Susanne; Gundolf, Tobias; Bromberger, Birgit; Mester, Patrick; Witte, Anna Kristina; Kalb, Roland; Rossmanith, Peter

doi:10.3390/ijms19030790

Cited by 25 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 67 publications

(110 reference statements)

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“…In 2018, Sommer et al [ 186 ] performed a systematic analysis of 27 different ILs, with the aim to determine their effect toward viruses, bacteria and enzymes (two non-enveloped, one enveloped virus: P100, MS2 and Phi6, two Gram negative and one Gram positive bacteria: E. coli , P. syringae and L. monocytogenes , one enzyme: Taq DNA polymerase.…”

Section: Usefulness Of Ionic Liquids In Medicinementioning

confidence: 99%

Ionic Liquids Toxicity—Benefits and Threats

Flieger

2020

IJMS

229

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Ionic liquids (ILs) are solvents with salt structures. Typically, they contain organic cations (ammonium, imidazolium, pyridinium, piperidinium or pyrrolidinium), and halogen, fluorinated or organic anions. While ILs are considered to be environmentally-friendly compounds, only a few reasons support this claim. This is because of high thermal stability, and negligible pressure at room temperature which makes them non-volatile, therefore preventing the release of ILs into the atmosphere. The expansion of the range of applications of ILs in many chemical industry fields has led to a growing threat of contamination of the aquatic and terrestrial environments by these compounds. As the possibility of the release of ILs into the environment s grow systematically, there is an increasing and urgent obligation to determine their toxic and antimicrobial influence on the environment. Many bioassays were carried out to evaluate the (eco)toxicity and biodegradability of ILs. Most of them have questioned their “green” features as ILs turned out to be toxic towards organisms from varied trophic levels. Therefore, there is a need for a new biodegradable, less toxic “greener” ILs. This review presents the potential risks to the environment linked to the application of ILs. These are the following: cytotoxicity evaluated by the use of human cells, toxicity manifesting in aqueous and terrestrial environments. The studies proving the relation between structures versus toxicity for ILs with special emphasis on directions suitable for designing safer ILs synthesized from renewable sources are also presented. The representants of a new generation of easily biodegradable ILs derivatives of amino acids, sugars, choline, and bicyclic monoterpene moiety are collected. Some benefits of using ILs in medicine, agriculture, and the bio-processing industry are also presented.

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Section: Usefulness Of Ionic Liquids In Medicinementioning

confidence: 99%

Ionic Liquids Toxicity—Benefits and Threats

Flieger

2020

IJMS

229

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“…In this respect, it has been found that some ILs can stop the replication cycle of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by inhibiting the function of HIV-integrase, which is an important enzyme in the virus replication cycle (Maddali et al 2011 ). The viricidal activity of ILs has been proven in few other cases, but the associated mechanisms need further investigations (Kumar and Malhotra 2008 ; Sommer et al 2018 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of action of ionic liquids on living cells: the state of the art

2020

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Ionic liquids (ILs) are a relatively new class of organic electrolytes composed of an organic cation and either an organic or inorganic anion, whose melting temperature falls around room-temperature. In the last 20 years, the toxicity of ILs towards cells and micro-organisms has been heavily investigated with the main aim to assess the risks associated with their potential use in (industrial) applications, and to develop strategies to design greener ILs. Toxicity, however, is synonym with affinity, and this has stimulated, in turn, a series of biophysical and chemical-physical investigations as well as few biochemical studies focused on the mechanisms of action (MoAs) of ILs, key step in the development of applications in bio-nanomedicine and bio-nanotechnology. This review has the intent to present an overview of the state of the art of the MoAs of ILs, which have been the focus of a limited number of studies but still sufficient enough to provide a first glimpse on the subject. The overall picture that emerges is quite intriguing and shows that ILs interact with cells in a variety of different mechanisms, including alteration of lipid distribution and cell membrane viscoelasticity, disruption of cell and nuclear membranes, mitochondrial permeabilization and dysfunction, generation of reactive oxygen species, chloroplast damage (in plants), alteration of transmembrane and cytoplasmatic proteins/enzyme functions, alteration of signaling pathways, and DNA fragmentation. Together with our earlier review work on the biophysics and chemical-physics of IL-cell membrane interactions (Biophys. Rev. 9:309, 2017), we hope that the present review, focused instead on the biochemical aspects, will stimulate a series of new investigations and discoveries in the still new and interdisciplinary field of “ILs, biomolecules, and cells.”

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“…This includes active substances such as potassium peroxymonosulfate, ethoxylated nonylphenol, Triclosan, chlorhexidine diacetate, Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QACs) such as benzalkonium chloride or ionic liquids, Chloramine-T and monochloramine, which have drawn the interest of research groups [41,169,171,173,174,175,176,177,178]. More information regarding the regulation of these substances is included in the supplemental material of this review (see Table S4).…”

Section: Legal Regulation Of Disinfectants Currently Used In Food mentioning

confidence: 99%

Don’t Shut the Stable Door after the Phage Has Bolted—The Importance of Bacteriophage Inactivation in Food Environments

Sommer

Trautner

Witte

et al. 2019

Viruses

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In recent years, a new potential measure against foodborne pathogenic bacteria was rediscovered—bacteriophages. However, despite all their advantages, in connection to their widespread application in the food industry, negative consequences such as an uncontrolled phage spread as well as a development of phage resistant bacteria can occur. These problems are mostly a result of long-term persistence of phages in the food production environment. As this topic has been neglected so far, this article reviews the current knowledge regarding the effectiveness of disinfectant strategies for phage inactivation and removal. For this purpose, the main commercial phage products, as well as their application fields are first discussed in terms of applicable inactivation strategies and legal regulations. Secondly, an overview of the effectiveness of disinfectants for bacteriophage inactivation in general and commercial phages in particular is given. Finally, this review outlines a possible strategy for users of commercial phage products in order to improve the effectiveness of phage inactivation and removal after application.

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Virucidal or Not Virucidal? That Is the Question—Predictability of Ionic Liquid’s Virucidal Potential in Biological Test Systems

Cited by 25 publications

References 67 publications

Ionic Liquids Toxicity—Benefits and Threats

Ionic Liquids Toxicity—Benefits and Threats

Mechanisms of action of ionic liquids on living cells: the state of the art

Don’t Shut the Stable Door after the Phage Has Bolted—The Importance of Bacteriophage Inactivation in Food Environments

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