Virucidal Efficacy of Soap and Water against Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Genital Secretions

Li, Jonathan Z.; Mack, Elizabeth C.; Levy, Jay A.

doi:10.1128/aac.47.10.3321-3322.2003

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Despite the ability of soap powder to lyse the lipidic membranes of enveloped viruses [25,44,45], such as coronaviruses, soap powder showed reduced efficacy in our study. Viral proliferation was observed in cell cultures after the use of soap alone, confirming the persistence of virions after washing.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 68%

Effectiveness of Household Disinfection Techniques to Remove SARS-CoV-2 from Cloth Masks

et al. 2022

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To assess the efficacy of washing cloth masks, we simulated SARS-CoV-2 contamination in tricoline fabric and tested decontaminants to reduce viral particles. Viral suspensions using two variants (B.1.1.28 and P.1) were inoculated in these fabrics, and the inactivation kinetics were evaluated after washing with various household disinfection products (Soap powder, Lysoform®, Hypochlorite sodium and 70% Alcohol), rinse numbers, and exposure times. Afterward, the fabrics were washed in sterile water, and viral RNA was extracted and amplified using RT-qPCR. Finally, viral replication in cell cultures was examined. Our findings show that all biocidal treatments successfully disinfected the tissue tested. Some products showed less reduction in viral loads, such as soap powder (1.60 × 104, 1.04 × 103), soap powder and Lysoform® (1.60 × 104, 1.04 × 103), and alcohol 70% (1.02 × 103, 5.91 × 101), respectively. However, when sodium hypochlorite was used, this reduction was significantly increased (viral inactivation in 100% of the washes). After the first wash, the reduction in the number of viral particles was greater for the P.1 variant than for the B.1.1.28 variant (W = 51,759, p < 0.05). In conclusion, the role of sodium hypochlorite in cloth mask disinfection may also have implications for future health emergencies as well as recommendation by WHO.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 68%

Effectiveness of Household Disinfection Techniques to Remove SARS-CoV-2 from Cloth Masks

et al. 2022

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“…Water containing 1.00% soap powder is not only helpful for wiping away the virus using its surfactant activity but also efficiently inactivates enveloped viruses including coronavirus, as proved by multiple previous studies. [17][18][19] Moreover, water containing 1.00% soap powder is safe for skin and other items including clothes. It is worth noting that the concentration of soap powder and sodium hypochlorite is vital for their wiping and virucidal effects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential utilities of mask‐wearing and instant hand hygiene for fighting SARS‐CoV‐2

Xia

Huang

Zhang

et al. 2020

Journal of Medical Virology

302

316

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The surge of patients in the pandemic of COVID-19 caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 may overwhelm the medical systems of many countries. Mask-wearing and handwashing can slow the spread of the virus, but currently, masks are in shortage in many countries, and timely handwashing is often impossible. In this study, the efficacy of three types of masks and instant hand wiping was evaluated using the avian influenza virus to mock the coronavirus. Virus quantification was performed using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Previous studies on mask-wearing were reviewed. The results showed that instant hand wiping using a wet towel soaked in water containing 1.00% soap powder, 0.05% active chlorine, or 0.25% active chlorine from sodium hypochlorite removed 98.36%, 96.62%, and 99.98% of the virus from hands, respectively. N95 masks, medical masks, and homemade masks made of four-layer kitchen paper and one-layer cloth could block 99.98%, 97.14%, and 95.15% of the virus in aerosols. Medical maskwearing which was supported by many studies was opposed by other studies possibly due to erroneous judgment. With these data, we propose the approach of mask-wearing plus instant hand hygiene (MIH) to slow the exponential spread of the virus. This MIH approach has been supported by the experiences of seven countries in fighting against COVID-19. Collectively, a simple approach to slow the exponential spread of SARS-CoV-2 was proposed with the support of experiments, literature review, and control experiences. K E Y W O R D S coronavirus, COVID-19, hand hygiene, mask, pandemic, soap N95 mask 12.49 ± 0.33 99.98% (99.98%-99.99%) Medical mask 5.13 ± 0.98 97.14% (94.36%-98.55%) Homemade mask 4.37 ± 0.90 95.15% (90.97%-97.39%) Abbreviations: AIV, avian influenza virus; CI, confidence interval; SD, standard deviation. MA ET AL. | 3contact, and reduce air contamination of pathogens from infected people.With the above data and discussion, we propose herein the approach of mask-wearing and instant hand hygiene (MIH), namely that common people should wear effective masks and bring an appropriate item for instant hand hygiene when needed, to slow the rapid spread of the virus worldwide. This is crucial for the world to reduce severe and fatal cases of the virus before successful marketing of the effective vaccines against the coronavirus, and avoid the tragedy of medical systems being overwhelmed by a surge of too many patients.As indicated in this study, when medical masks and disinfectants are in shortage, the homemade masks made of kitchen paper can be used to temporally surrogate medical masks, and so soap powder is used for instant hand hygiene.From the news we know that the MIH approach has been implemented in China, Republic of Korea, and Japan, where maskwearing is widely accepted and items for instant hand hygiene are usually accessible in public areas. The spread of the coronavirus in all these three countries has been well controlled. 3,6 In contrast, Iran, Italy, Spain, and the USA did not implement...

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“…Others have shown a 1000-fold decrease in HIV-1 viral infectivity using bar soap and water at 1 g/1000 mL in soaks of two and six minutes. 15 Comparisons of soak only and soak and wash procedures did not yield expected results. We thought that wash procedures would produce greater reductions of organism counts in detergent and water test cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Efficacy of a dish detergent in reducing populations of STI organisms in inoculated female condoms

et al. 2007

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We assessed the efficacy of dish detergent in removing Neisseria gonorrhoeae, HIV-1, herpes simplex virus type 2 and Chlamydia trachomatis organisms from the surface of inoculated female condoms. The reductions achieved in organism counts with dish detergent were compared with those for household bleach and water. New (out-of-package) and pre-washed/re-lubricated female condoms were used. Dish detergent was as efficacious as bleach in reducing organism counts from the surface of inoculated female condoms. Both bleach and dish detergent performed better than water, although >3 log(10) reductions were achieved with water alone. There was little difference in organism reduction between new and pre-washed condoms. Furthermore, 30 seconds of mechanical agitation (washing) had minimal added impact on organism removal. Reduction in organism counts with water alone suggests that dilution effect may have been as important in organism removal as the microbicidal properties of the detergent.

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Virucidal Efficacy of Soap and Water against Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Genital Secretions

Cited by 13 publications

References 13 publications

Effectiveness of Household Disinfection Techniques to Remove SARS-CoV-2 from Cloth Masks

Effectiveness of Household Disinfection Techniques to Remove SARS-CoV-2 from Cloth Masks

Potential utilities of mask‐wearing and instant hand hygiene for fighting SARS‐CoV‐2

Efficacy of a dish detergent in reducing populations of STI organisms in inoculated female condoms

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