Virtual Reality Exposure for PTSD Due to Military Combat and Terrorist Attacks

Rizzo, Albert; Cukor, Judith; Gerardi, Maryrose; Alley, Stephanie; Reist, Chris; Roy, Mike; Rothbaum, Barbara O.; Difede, JoAnn

doi:10.1007/s10879-015-9306-3

Cited by 64 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…They can register the gestures, body motion, and gaze of a user and generate in real time both the verbal and non‐verbal cues required to effectively communicate with the user, giving a startling impression of realism. Some semi‐autonomous agents have been designed to enable therapy for conditions such as phobias (Pan et al ., 2012) and PTSD (Rizzo et al ., 2015; Figure 2D). Such systems typically function with a human therapist acting as the Wizard of Oz, both to monitor the progress of the therapy and to select appropriate behaviours for the VC to show.…”

Section: The Foothills – How To Use Vrmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…For example, characters in most popular computer games and online worlds (e.g., FIFA game, World of Warcraft) will show some behaviours automatically but other behaviours only when the user hits a key (Figure 2C). In therapies which use VCs (Pan et al ., 2012; Rizzo et al ., 2015), a conversation agent is typically used in which some actions (e.g., gaze, proxemics, gestures, smiles) are pre‐programmed while other aspects of the conversation are controlled by a therapist who listens and watches, then pressing keys on a keyboard to trigger specific events (Figure 2D). Such systems are described as ‘Wizard of Oz’ systems because the behaviour appears to come from the virtual character but is actually driven by a human ‘wizard’.…”

Section: The Foothills – How To Use Vrmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A second potential ethical issue for studies in VR concerns personal disclosure, because some studies suggest that people may be more willing to disclose personal information (including abuse or trauma) to a virtual character than to a real person (Lucas, Gratch, King, & Morency, 2014; Rizzo et al ., 2015). This can be valuable in some treatment scenarios, but is also a risk.…”

Section: The Munros – Challenges In the Implementation Of Vrmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Why and how to use virtual reality to study human social interaction: The challenges of exploring a new research landscape

Pan

Hamilton²

2018

British J of Psychology

518

346

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As virtual reality (VR) technology and systems become more commercially available and accessible, more and more psychologists are starting to integrate VR as part of their methods. This approach offers major advantages in experimental control, reproducibility, and ecological validity, but also has limitations and hidden pitfalls which may distract the novice user. This study aimed to guide the psychologist into the novel world of VR, reviewing available instrumentation and mapping the landscape of possible systems. We use examples of state‐of‐the‐art research to describe challenges which research is now solving, including embodiment, uncanny valley, simulation sickness, presence, ethics, and experimental design. Finally, we propose that the biggest challenge for the field would be to build a fully interactive virtual human who can pass a VR Turing test – and that this could only be achieved if psychologists, VR technologists, and AI researchers work together.

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Section: The Foothills – How To Use Vrmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: The Foothills – How To Use Vrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Munros – Challenges In the Implementation Of Vrmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Why and how to use virtual reality to study human social interaction: The challenges of exploring a new research landscape

Pan

Hamilton²

2018

British J of Psychology

518

346

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“…Although in recent times the popular media has lavishly reported on VR’s potential impact on all elements of our evolving digital culture, and has created the impression that VR is a novel technology, the reality is that VR is not a new concept, and many of its developmental roots are traceable to the 1980s and 1990s (Schnipper et al, 2015). Moreover, since the 1990s a significant scientific literature has evolved, almost under the radar, reporting many positive outcomes across a range of clinical applications that have leveraged the assets provided by VR (Botella, Serrano, Baños, & García-Palacios, 2015; Dascal et al, 2017; Freeman et al, 2017; Hoffman et al, 2011; Howard, 2017; Maples-Keller, Yasinski, Manjin, & Rothbaum, 2017; Morina, Ijntema, Meyerbröker, & Emmelkamp, 2015; Rizzo, 1994; Rizzo et al, 2006; Rizzo, Buckwalter, & van der Zaag, 2002, 2015a; Rizzo et al, 2010, in press, 2017, 2015b; Slater & Sanchez-Vives, 2016). Within that context, the present paper will summarize the ways that researchers and clinicians have employed VR to create relevant simulations that can be applied to the prevention, assessment, and treatment of PTSD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Virtual Reality tools to advance the prevention, assessment, and treatment of PTSD

Rizzo

Shilling

2017

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

142

107

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Numerous reports indicate that the incidence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation New Dawn (OEF/OIF/OND) military personnel has created a significant behavioural healthcare challenge. These findings have served to motivate research on how to better develop and disseminate evidence-based treatments for PTSD. The current article presents the use of Virtual Reality (VR) as a clinical tool to address the assessment, prevention, and treatment of PTSD, based on the VR projects that were evolved at the University of Southern California Institute for Creative Technologies since 2004. A brief discussion of the definition and rationale for the clinical use of VR is followed by a description of a VR application designed for the delivery of prolonged exposure (PE) for treating Service Members (SMs) and Veterans with combat- and sexual assault-related PTSD. The expansion of the virtual treatment simulations of Iraq and Afghanistan for PTSD assessment and prevention is then presented. This is followed by a forward-looking discussion that details early efforts to develop virtual human agent systems that serve the role of virtual patients for training the next generation of clinical providers, as healthcare guides that can be used to support anonymous access to trauma-relevant behavioural healthcare information, and as clinical interviewers capable of automated behaviour analysis of users to infer psychological state. The paper will conclude with a discussion of VR as a tool for breaking down barriers to care in addition to its direct application in assessment and intervention.

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“…Furthermore, it is also established by various studies that VEs are able to change a participant's behavior on a situation they fear, and it can be used as a therapy to overcome phobias . Some studies have shown that using VR in posttraumatic stress disorder therapies has a positive impact on the treatment …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comprehensive study of the affective and physiological responses induced by dynamic virtual reality environments

Cebeci

Çelikcan

Çapın

2019

Computer Animation & Virtual

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Previous studies showed that virtual reality (VR) environments can affect emotional state and cause significant changes in physiological responses. Aside from these effects, inadvertently induced cybersickness is a notorious problem faced in VR. In this study, to further investigate the effects of virtual environments (VEs) with different context, three dynamic VEs were created. Each VE had a particular purpose: evoking no emotion in Campfire (CF), unpleasant emotions in Hospital (HH), and cybersickness symptoms in Roller Coaster (RC). We made use of objective measurements of physiological responses such as pupil dilation, blinks, fixations, saccades, and heart rate, as well as subjective self‐assessments via pre‐ and post‐VE session questionnaires. While previous studies investigate different subsets of these measures, our study makes a comprehensive analysis of them jointly in dynamic VEs. The results of the study indicate that cybersickness produced higher saccade mean speed, whereas unpleasant context caused higher fixation count, saccade rate, and pupil dilation. Moreover, CF decreased anxiety, whereas HH and RC increased it and they also decreased comfort. Participants felt cybersickness in all VEs even in CF which is designed to minimize the effects.

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Virtual Reality Exposure for PTSD Due to Military Combat and Terrorist Attacks

Cited by 64 publications

References 39 publications

Why and how to use virtual reality to study human social interaction: The challenges of exploring a new research landscape

Why and how to use virtual reality to study human social interaction: The challenges of exploring a new research landscape

Clinical Virtual Reality tools to advance the prevention, assessment, and treatment of PTSD

A comprehensive study of the affective and physiological responses induced by dynamic virtual reality environments

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