Virtual Power Plants and Electricity Markets

Resilient expansion planning of virtual power plant with an integrated energy system considering reliability criteria of lines and towers

“…Comparing the decision changes in both cases, it can be observed that the case without non-dispatchable generation units has more network interventions with a decrease in the COP. From COP 2.5 to 2, for instance, results in additional network interventions through reconfiguration (2-7) and restructuring (6)(7)(8). Similar network interventions, in the case of existing nondispatchable generation units, are observed from COP 2 to 1.5.…”

“…Without the availability of a heat pump, both reconfiguration (2-6) and restructuring (7)(8) decisions are made in order to meet demand. When a heat pump option is available among the potential optimal decisions, heat pumps are installed in place of any network interventions because the performance with a heat pump is better than traditional electricity to heat conversion.…”

Holistic planning of a virtual power plant with a nonconvex operational model: A risk-constrained stochastic approach

“…For further details on models for VPP operation and planning, the interested reader is referred to [7] and references therein. As for planning approaches integrating renewable generation, a detailed literature review is conducted in [8].…”

Modeling Demand Flexibility of RES-based Virtual Power Plants

“…The formulation for each asset class is discussed in the remainder of this section. D-RESs are modeled like conventional power plants [9] with linearized operation costs of the dispatchable assets. Network constraints are formulated by using a DC power flow approximation [10].…”